Jiritaanka kala duwanaanshaha noocyada - waa microevolution

Fikradda ah horumar sida horumarka joogtada ah ee wax walba oo ku nool caalamka, kakanaanta foomamka nolosha iyo muuqaalka kore ee qaabkeeda oo cusub ayaa maanta waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalo suugaanta caanka ah iyo warbaahinta. Wararka la isla dhexmarayo oo ku saabsan horumar iyo microevolution, isticmaalka ereyga foomamka idink dilutes miraheeda, keeno habka of nuxurka dareenka. Waa maxay micro-horumar bayoolaji, ay qaab iyo natiijada dhamaadka - kuwani waa su'aalaha in lagu daboolay in this article.

Evolution oo ah geedi socod noolaha

Aragti Evolutionary tilmaamaysaa labo nooc oo shuruud - macroevolution iyo microevolution - sida hababka of horumarinta nolosha dhulka. Qaybsadeen oo keeneysa la salaynayo tirada unugyada Qorxeey, taas oo horseedaysa in ay dhaqdhaqaaq evolutionary. Macroevolution tilmaamaysaa formation of taxa weyn (panulirus, qoyska, fasalka, iyo wixii la mid ah) muddo dheer. Natiijada microevolution - formation of noocyada cusub, unit ugu hooseeya Qorxeey. Sidaa darteed microevolution haddii kale waxaa loo yaqaan speciation, formation of noocyada cusub dhexe ee asalka by gaaro go'doomin iyo kala taranka ee taxon gaar ah.

nidaamyada horumarinta

Dhamaan sharciyada horumar sida speciation in macrotaxa dhex mari seenyo isku mid ah iyo xeerarka la mid tahay sida qeybta aasaasiga ah ee horumar - dadka. Waa maxay microevolution, si fudud lagu muujiyey by tusaale ahaan waxbarashada la xiriira, phylogenetically noocyada dhow gudahood panulirus isku. Tusaale ahaan, in Arctic ah, guriga in saddex noocyada la xiriira si dhow ula shaabadood - shaabadood Witt, shabeel iyo Ross xir. ka kala duwanaanshaha yaryar dibadda reebo, ciyaan ugaadhsigooda yihiin kuwo ku kala duwan, ay keentay in formation of noocyada si dhow ula xiriira, laakiin kala duwan.

noocyada microevolution

Speciation taas oo horseedaysa taranka neskreschivaemosti sida heerka ugu dambeeya ee group go'doomin evolutionary gudahood noocyada a,, ayaa dhowr farsamooyinka. Sida laga soo xigtay nooca hab ningax aqoonsaday tiro ka mid ah foomamka. By microevolution ka mid ah:

• speciation Geographic.
• Speciation nijaasta dhawrista dadka.
• Speciation by go'doomin taranka habboon (dokopulyatsionnoy iyo poslekopulyatsionnoy).

Waa maxay microevolution juquraafi iyo dhawrista?

Xaaladdan oo kale, ka fiirsaneysa panmictic farsamo karantiimada (galmada tarmo) kooxaha noolaha, marka aragtida cusub waxaa la aasaasay sarkhaansan arrimood juqraafi ama deegaanka. go'doomin dhuleed ee dadka waxaa loo arkaa arrin isbedelka muuqaalka oo keeni go'doomin ku meel gaar ah ama dhamaystiran oo dadka ka mid ah noocyada la mid ah. Tusaale ahaan lagu sharraxo - formation of noocyada jasiiradda. Oo inta badan, laga yaabee, loo yaqaan ee macnaha guud - waxa ay Galapagos bindweed, sharaxaad iyo waxbarasho ah taas oo keentay Charles Darwin in uu aragti ka soo jeedo ee noocyada. Tusaale ka mid ah in uu yahay microevolution sida speciation dhawrista ayaa durbaba la siiyay - shaabadood Arctic. In the case of shaabadood factor deegaanka jiray go'doon ah ee sahayda cuntada. Laakiin factor deegaanka ayaa sidoo kale farqi ah oo u dhexeeya xilli taranta, jinsiyadaha dhawrista kala duwan noocyada a, iyo wixii la mid ah.

foomka Dokopulyatsionnaya go'doon sida nooc ka mid ah microevolution

In case of adagtahay of isgoyska free of shaqsiyaadka iyadoo ay sabab u go'doomin, oo ay weheliyaan la'aanta ah ee waxbarasho ee saygoot (embriyaha) ee jirka, ku odhan dokopulyativnoy go'doomin. noocyo kala duwan Its:

• Ningax, oo sababo ay sabab u tahay nooca dhaqanka galmada (ethological). Tusaale - si dhow ula rihii kulaylaha, iyo timbre kala duwan cayimayo noocyada gabay weheshiga ah.
• go'doomin ay sababaan qaababka kala duwan ee xubnaha copulative iyo taranka. Tusaale - noocyada kala duwan ee orchids leedahay qaab gaar ah ubaxa, kaas oo u ogolaanaya inay ka rimiyaan kaliya nooc ka mid ah qaar ka mid ah hummingbird.

go'doomin ay sababaan jaanqaadayn ah gametes. Tusaale ahaan oo kaliya tijaabooyinka track dabiiciga ah, hab this waa ay adag tahay.

Poslekopulyatsionnaya ningax sida farsamo ee speciation

Xaaladdan oo kale waxa ay ka dhigan tahay in saygoot waxaa la aasaasay. Waa maxay micro-horumar, kiiskan, tusi foomamka soo socda si ay u gaaraan go'doomin dhamaystiran taranka dadka gudahood noocyada a:

• Non-meelmar ah ee saygoot-ku jira marxaladaha hore ee ontogeny.
• dhimashada ilamaha aan dhalan ama shaqsiyaadka dhallinyarada in ay gaaraan da'da taranka.
• dhalaysnimo ee Beelaha.

hab ay noolaha ee foomkan go'doon adag yahay iyo waxa uu la xidhiidhaa cytological, lagmamaarmaanna u ah iyo muuqaalada humoral.

Micro-horumar oo ah geedi socod lagu gaari karo go'doomin taranka ka buuxa kooxaha noocyada isku keenaysaa in formation of noocyada cusub ee noolaha kale oo aan ahayn foomamka waalidka. Laakiin waa in aragti. Ma go'doomin kasta oo ka mid ah dadweynaha waxay keeni doontaa in go'doomin taranka iyo mid kasta oo aan go'doomin taranka waxay keeni doontaa in formation of noocyo cusub. Waa maxay in uu aamino ee horumar - waa in microevolution bilaabataa madhxiya iyo waxa ay sidoo kale dhamaado.