Oolnimada ee matoorada kulaylka. oolnimada ee matoorka kulaylka - Formula

xaqiiqooyin badan u baahan Modern matoorada kulaylka hawlgal ballaadhan. -day fara badan si ay u bedesho matoorrada korontada halka uu maray failure. dhibaatooyinka la xiriira raasamaal awoodda in nidaamka maamul goboleedka, waxaa xalin dhib weyn.

Weli dhibaatooyin la xiriira ee soo saarta technology batari awood ku salaysan isticmaalka muddada-dheer. sifooyinka Speed baabuurta korontada ka fog yihiin kuwa gawaarida, matoorada sari gudaha.

Tallaabooyinka koowaad ee abuurista matoorada hybrid yareyn kartaa naqaska u aabayeelin ee goobaha magaalooyinka, xalinta dhibaatooyinka deegaanka.

A yar oo taariikh

Suurtogalnimada ah isbadal tamarta ee uumi galay tamarta ogeed ayaa loo yaqaan tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore. 130 BC: Philosopher Geron Aleksandriysky bandhigay toy uumi dhagaystayaasha - eolipil. Sphere la uumi ka buuxsantay, wuxuu yimid wareeg sarkhaansan ka imaanaya Diyaaradaha iyada. Tani noocooda ah ee samaysa marawaxadaha ah uumi casriga ah waqtiga codsiga waa inaan laga helin.

Sanado badan iyo horumarinta Faylasuuf qarnigii sidaas ayaa loo arkaa kaliya toy xiiso leh. In 1629 D. Talyaani ah Branca abuuray marawaxadaha firfircoon. Lammaanayaasha wadaa in lagu dhamystiro disc ah la siiyaa garbaha.

Laga soo bilaabo in bilaabay horumarinta deg deg ah ee makiinado ay uumi.

engine kulaylka

Isbadal ee tamarta gudaha ee shidaalka galay tamarta ee mooshinka ka mid ah qaybaha mishiinka iyo hababka loo isticmaalay matoorada kulaylka.

qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee mashiinada: kululeeyaha (nidaamka tamarta ka baxsan ka helaya), jidhka ka shaqeeya (qabata saamayn faa'iido), qaboojiyaha.

kululeeyaha waxaa loogu talagalay dheecaan ka shaqeeya inay ku ururto stock ku filan tamarta gudaha for shaqo waxtar leh. Qaboojiyaha qaada tamarta xad-dhaaf ah.

Sifada ugu weyn ee oolnimada waxaa loo yaqaan hufnaan ah ee matoorada kulaylka. Tirada Tani waxa ay muujinaysaa waxa qayb ka mid ah tamarta bixisay in kulaylinta ku bixisay si ay u qabtaan shaqo waxtar leh. The oolnimada sare, hawlgalka faa'iidada badan ee mashiinka, laakiin qiimaha this laga yaabaa in aanay ka badan 100%.

Xisaabinta oolnimada

Ha kululeeyaha dibadda heleen tamarta si siman u Q _1. jirka Tools ka go'an shaqo A, halka qaboojiyaha tamarta siiyey waxay ahayd Q _2.

Iyada oo ku saleysan go'aanka, waxaan xisaabiyo qiimaha ku oolnimada:

η = A / Q _1. Waxaan u qaadan in A = Q ₁ - Q _2.

Sidaa ku oolnimada of engine kulaylka, formula ah kuwaas oo la siiyo by η = (Q ₁ - Q ₂₎ / Q ₁ = 1 - Q ₂ / Q _1, ogolaanaya gabagabadii soo socda:

• Karti kama badan karto 1 (ama 100%);
• si loo kordhiyo tirada this waa inuu kordho labada tamarta ka kululeeyaha helay, ama hoos u dhac ah tamarta la siin qaboojiyaha,
• oo kordhinaya awooda kululeeyaha ku gaaro isbedel of tayada shidaalka;
• yareeyo tamarta, siinaysaa qaboojiyaha, u ogolaan in ay gaaraan sifooyinka design of matoorada ah.

engine An kulaylka haboon

Waa abuurista engine noocaas ah ay suuragal tahay, ku oolnimada of taas oo noqon doonta ugu badnaan (ee horyaal ah - si siman u 100%)? Raadi jawaabta su'aashan isku dayeen in ay jirka Faransiis iyo injineer tayo Sadi Carnot. In 1824 uu xisaabaha afka baarkiisa ah oo ku saabsan geedi socodka ka dhacda gaasas ayaa la sii daayay.

Fikradda asaasiga ah soo bixitaankii mashiinka ku haboon la oran karo geedi socodka anshaxa karo gaaska ku haboon. Laga bilaabo ballaarinta isothermally gaaska heerkulka T _1. Inta ay kulaylka looga baahan yahay ujeedadaan, - Q _1. Ka dib markii gaas oo aan kordhin kulaylka (geedi adiabatic). Ka dib markaad gaartey heerkulka T _2, gaaska la cadaadiyo isothermally maraya tamarta qaboojiyaha Q _2. gaaska soo laabtay ay gobolka asalka ah waxaa la sameeyaa adiabatically.

oolnimada ee ah engine kulaylka Carnot fiican la xisaabinta sax ah waa ratio of farqiga heerkulka u dhexeeya kululaynta iyo qaboojinta qalabka si heer kulka ah, taas oo uu leeyahay kululeeyaha. Waxa ay u muuqataa sida tan: η = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T _1.

oolnimada macquulka ah kaamerada of mishiinka, oo caanaha ayaa foomka: η = 1 - T ₂ / T _1, waxay ku xiran tahay oo kaliya on qiimaha heerkulka kululeeyaha iyo meeldhexaadka ah iyo ma noqon karaan ka weyn tahay 100%.

Waxaa intaa dheer, Xiriirka this mid ka mid ah u saamaxaaya in ay caddeeyaan in tayada ee matoorada kulaylka noqon kartaa siman yahay si midnimo oo kaliya marka qaboojiyaha buuxda eber heerkulka. Sida la og yahay, qiimaha this waa la haleeli.

xisaabaha teori Carnot ogolaan si loo ogaado tayada ugu badan ee engine kulaylka of design kasta ah.

Aragtida xaqiijiyay Carnot ee waa sida soo socota. engine kulaylka Sabab kuma xaaladaha awood u yeelan hufnaan ka badan uu qiimuhu isku mid ah ku-oolnimada engine kulaylka haboon.

Tusaale ka mid ah xalinta dhibaatada

TUSAALE 1. Waa maxay hufnaanta ah engine kulaylka fiican, marka heerkulka kululeeyaha waa 800 C iyo ^heerkulka ee qaboojiyaha 500 ^C hoos?

T ₁ = 800 ^{° C} = 1073 K, ΔT = 500 ^{° C} = 500 K, η -?

xal:

Marka la qeexo: η = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T _1.

Annagu kuma aannu siin heerkulka ee qaboojiyaha, laakiin ΔT = (T ₁ - T _2), sidaa darteed:

η = ΔT / T ₁ = 500K / 1073 K = 0.46.

Jawaab: oolnimada = 46%.

Tusaale 2. Go'aaminta ku oolnimada of an engine kulaylka fiican, haddii ay sabab u tahay tamarta helay mid ka mid kilojoules kululeeyaha sameeyaa shaqo waxtar leh 650 J. Waa maxay heerkulka kululeeyaha ee engine kulaylka haddii heerkulka coolant -. 400 K?

Q ₁ = 1 KJ = 1000 J A = 650 J, T ₂ = 400 K, η - ?, T ₁ =?

xal:

In hawshan, waa rakibo ah kaamerada, hufnaan oo ka mid ah taas oo loo xisaabin karaa by formula ah:

η = A / Q _1.

Si loo go'aamiyo heerkulka kululeeyaha isticmaalaya oolnimada formula ah engine kulaylka haboon:

η = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T ₁ = 1 - T ₂ / T _1.

Bandhigyada transformations xisaabta, waxaan ka heli:

T = ₁ T ₂ / (1- η).

T ₁ = T ₂ / (1- A / Q _1).

Waxaan xisaabinta:

η = 650 J / 1000 J = 0,65.

T = 400 K ₁ / (1- 650 J / 1000 J) = 1142.8 K.

Jawaab: η = 65%, T ₁ = 1142.8 K.

xaaladaha dhabta ah

engine kulaylka fiican An loogu talagalay habka ugu fiican. Shaqada waxaa la sameeyaa oo keliya ee geeddi socodka isothermal, waxaa lagu qeexaa sida aagga kumyadu by garaafka ee wareegga Carnot ah.

Dhab ahaantii, si ay u abuuraan shuruudaha socodka isbedelka xaaladda gaaska ee geedi socodka, iyada oo la socda isbedelka ee heerkulka ma noqon karo. No qalabka sida, taas oo ka horjoogsanaya lahaa sarrifka kulaylka walxaha ku wareegsan ah. habka Adiabatic noqdo wax aan macquul aheyn si ay u fuliyaan. In the case of heerkulka gaaska sarrifka kulaylka waa in ay daruuri beddelo.

oolnimada ee mashiinada kaamerada abuuray xaalado dhab ah oo si weyn u kala duwan yihiin hufnaan ku haboon ee matoorada. Ogsoonow in socodka geedi socodka ee matoorada dhab ah dhacdo si dhakhso ah in kala duwanaansho ah ee tamarta gudaha kaamerada walax ka shaqeeya habka of badalka ay mugga aan la magdhow karo by qulqulaya beegiddaba kulaylka of kululeeyaha iyo Noqosho meeldhexaadka ah.

matoorada kale kulaylka

matoorada Real shaqeeyaan on wareegyo kala duwan:

• wareegga Otto habka mugga joogto ah la isbedel adiabatic, abuuro loop a xidhan;
• Diesel isobar wareegga, adiabatic, isochore, adiabatic;
• marawaxadaha gaaska ah: geeddi-socodka dhaca cadaadiska joogtada ah, adiabatic bedelay xirtey loop ka.

Samee geedi socodka nuqdad in matoorada dhabta ah (in la keeno iyaga u dhaw in ay ku haboon) ee technology casriga ah suurtogal ma aha. Karti ee matoorada kulaylka waa weyn uga yar, Kuwaas oo ah xaaladaha heerkulka la mid ah sida meel kulaylka haboon.

Laakiin waxaa lagama maarmaan ma aha in la yareeyo tayada caanaha doorka xisaabinta wareega Carnot ah, sida ay tahay, waxa uu noqonayaa mid dhibcood tixraaca ee geedi socodka a kor u qaadista of matoorada dhabta ah.

Siyaabaha la isu beddeli oolnimada

Iyada oo la barbardhigo ee matoorada kulaylka fiican oo dhabta ah, waa in la ogaadaa in heerkulka ugu dambeeyey ee qaboojiyaha ma noqon karo aan loo aabo yeelin. Sida caadiga ah qaboojiyaha rumaysan jawiga. Si aad u qaadato heerkulka of jawiga kartaan qiyaas kaliya xisaabinta. Experience muujinaysaa in heerkulka coolant waa gaaska dhammayn in matoorada ku, sida ay dhacdo in makiinado ay soo sari gudaha (gaabiyo DVS).

Indvandrerrådgivningen - ugu badan adduunka ee engine kulaylka our. Karti engine kulaylka haddii ay taasi ku xiran tahay heerkulka abuuray by shidaalka gubanaya. Farqiga u muhiim ah oo ka dhalata matoorada uumi Indvandrerrådgivningen waa hawlaha kululeeyaha isuga iyo jidhka qalab ka hawlgala isku dar hawada-shidaal ah. Gubasho dar abuurtaa cadaadis ah oo ku saabsan qaybo guuraya ee engine ah.

Caruuta heerkulka gaaska ka shaqeeya waxaa lagu gaarayaa, si weyn u beddelo sifooyinka shidaalka. Nasiib darro, ma suurtowdo in la sameeyo iyada oo aan xad. wax kasta oo ka mid ah dhismaha qolkii sari engine leeyahay barta barafku. caabin The kaamerada qalabka sida - dabeecadda aasaasiga ah ee engine ah, iyo sidoo kale in ay si weyn u saamayn ku oolnimada.

oolnimada Qiimayaasha engine

Haddii aan ka fiirsan ee marawaxadaha uumi, heerkulka tubada ku shaqeeya uumiga taasoo la eg 800 K, iyo gaaska qaaca - 300 K, tayada shaqo ee mashiinka waa loo siman yahay 62%. Sida xaqiiqda ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, qiimaha this kama badna 40%. hoos Tani waxay dhacdaa la'aan awgeed kulaylka inta lagu jiro guryaha marawaxadaha kululaynta.

Qiimaha ugu sareeya ee ku oolnimada of matoorada sari gudaha kama badna 44%. Kordhinta qiimaha this - su'aasha ah ee mustaqbalka dhow. Beddelidda sifooyinka alaabta, shidaalka - tani dhibaato u tahay in ka badan oo ka shaqeeya maskaxda wanaagsan ee aadanaha.