Sidee fission nuclear? Noocyada fission

cell kasta oo bilaabmaa ay nolosha marka waalidka ka soo soocay, wuxuuna dhammaadaa ilaa isagoo, siin fursad ay ku muuqdaan in unugyada gabadhii ay. Nature la siiyaa in ka badan hal hab oo qaybintii xudunta u ah, iyagoo ku xidhan qaab-dhismeedka.

Hababka kala qeybinta unug

Qaybsadeen asaasiga ah waxay ku xiran tahay nooca gacanta :

- fission binary (laga helo prokaryotes).

- amitosis (hab toos ah qaybinta).

- maytosis (caadi in eukaryotes).

- Meiosis (waayo, qaybintii unugyada jeermiga).

noocyada fission waxaa go'aamiya dabeecadda iyo waafaqsan qaab-dhismeedka gacanta iyo shaqada waxaa u qabata ee macroorganism ama keligeed.

fission binary

Inta badan noocan ah waxaa laga helaa unugyada prokaryotic. Waxay ka kooban tahay in laban laabmay Britain ee DNA wareeg ah. fission Binary xuduntii waxaa sidaas loo yaqaan sababta oo ah unugyada hooyada waxaa jira laba gabadhiisa si siman oo cabbirkooda.

Ka dib markii arrinta hidde (DNA ama Britain RNA) ayaa la diyaariyey si waafaqsan, i.e. waxa labanlaabmay, ka derbiga unug bilaabmin si ay u sameeyaan Risaalo ka transverse, taas oo si tartiib yaraanayeen iyo cytoplasm qaybiyaa laba qaybood qiyaastii siman.

nidaamka kala qaybinaysa labaad ayaa ugu baaqay gaysashada ama fission binary sinnayn. Xaaladdan oo kale, darbiyada unug waxay u muuqdaan qayb protrusion, taas oo si tartiib ah u sii kordhaya waa. Ka dib markii ay "kelyaha" iyo xajmiga unugyada hooyada noqon doonaa siman, waxay kala soocan yihiin. Qayb ka mid ah derbiga unug waxaa mar kale ku dhexsameeysmo jirka.

amitosis

Tani qeybinta xuduntii la mid ah kuwa kor lagu sharaxay, iyadoo farqiga u ah in uu jiro labanlaabay ma ah waxyaabaha la dhaxlo. Habkani waxaa ugu horraysay uu tilmaamay nin cilmiga nafleyda barta Remak. Tani waxay ifafaale dhacdaa unugyada pathologically beddeli (Isbadal malignant), iyo waa iska caadi ah nafsaaniga ah, waayo, unugyada beerka, carjawda iyo wilka.

habka loo yaqaan amitosis fission nuclear sababtoo ah unugyada waligiiba shaqo, oo aan iyaga lumin sida inta lagu guda jiro maytosis. Tani waxay fasireysaa guryaha aan caadi ahayn oo la xidhiidha habka qeybinta unug. Intaa waxaa dheer, core qeybinta toos maraa aan dunmiiqa, sidaas oo kale ayaa chromatin unugyada Gabadhayda jinni baa isku qaybiyey. In socda, unugyada sida uma isticmaali karo wareegga mitotic. Mararka qaarkood, iyadoo ay sabab u amitosis sameeyay unugyada multinucleated.

maytosis

Tani fission nuclear aan toos ahayn. Inta badan laga helay unugyada eukaryotic. Farqiga ugu muhiimsan ee geeddi-socodka this been in xaqiiqda ah in unugyada caruurta iyo hooyada waxaa ku jira tiro la mid ah koromosoomyada. Iyada oo ay taasi jidhka waxaa lagu taageeray by tirada looga baahan yahay unugyada, sidoo kale hababka nadiifinta dhalashadii labaad iyo koritaanka suurto gal. maytosis ugu horeysay ee gacanta xayawaan tilmaamay Flemming.

Geedi socodka qaybintii xuduntii kiiskan si toos ah kala interphase iyo maytosis. Interphase - xaalad ah unugyada nasan u dhexeeya kooxihii. Waxay kala saari karaa dhowr waji:

1. Muddada presynthetic - cell koraa, u ururayaa borotiinada iyo carbohydrates, si firfircoon ku dhexsameeysmo ATP (triphosphate adenosine).

2. Muddada sindeetig - waxyaabaha la dhaxlo waa labanlaab.

3. Muddada postsynthetic - canaasiirta gacanta saaxibo, waxaa jira borotiinka uu ka samaysan yahay dunmiiqa kala qaybinaysa.

Marxaladaha maytosis

Qeybtu waxay xuduntii unugyada eukaryotic - geeddi-socodka ah, taas oo lagama maarmaan u ah formation of organelles dheeraad ah - centrosomes. Waxay ku taalaa meel u dhow xuduntii, oo ay shaqo wayn tahay in la dhiso organelles cusub - dunmiiqa. Qaab dhismeedka Tani waxay ka caawisaa in ay si siman u qaybi koromosoomyada u dhexeeya unugyada gabadhiisa.

Waxaa jira afar marxaladood maytosis:

1. Prophase: chromatin in xuduntii Uumiga ee chromatids, kuwaas oo u dhow centromeres waxaa socday laba laba si ay u sameeyaan koromosoomyada. Nucleoli milaan, kala diraan si ay u ulihii ka centrioles gacanta. Waxa asaasay dunmiiqa qeybinta.

2. Metaphase: koromosoomyada ah waxaa lagu abaabulaa in line a marayay bartamaha gacanta si ay u sameeyaan saxan metaphase ah.

3. Anaphase: chromatids fido xarunta gacanta ku wajahan ulihiina, ka dibna loo qaybiyay laba centromere. dhaqdhaqaaqa Tani waa suurto gal, maxaa yeelay dunmiiqa horyaalka, ka threads kuwaas oo hoos iyo kor fidiyey koromosoomyada in jiho oo kala duwan.

4. Telophase: sameeyay nuclei gabadhiisa. Chromatids soo noqdaan galay chromatin, xuduntii waxaa la aasaasay, iyo waxa ku jira - nucleoli ah. Dhamaado horyaalka heerka dhan of formation cytoplasm iyo derbiga unug.

endomitosis

Kororka waxyaabaha la dhaxlo, oo aan ku siin, waayo, kala qeybinta xuduntii, loo yaqaan endomitosis. Waxaa laga helaa unugyada dhirta iyo xayawaanka. Xaaladdan oo kale waxaa waa u baabba 'lahayn oo ka mid ah cytoplasm iyo xuub xuduntii, laakiin uu noqdo chromatin galay koromosoomyada, ka dibna dispiralized.

habka tani waxay u oggolaanaysaa in la helo xuduntii polyploid meesha content DNA waxaa kor u kacay. gumeysi noocan oo kale ah la xirrira unugyada helay dhuuxa lafaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira xaalado, marka Britain DNA waa labanlaab, oo tirada koromosoomyada isku mid. Waxay waxaa loo yaqaan baco, oo iyaga waa la heli karaa unugyada cayayaanka.

maytosis taasoo la micno ah

qeybinta Mitotic xuduntii - waa hab si ay u ilaaliyaan set joogta ah koromosoomyada. unugyada Gabadhay leeyihiin set isku mid ah oo hiddo-waalid ahaan iyo dhammaan sifooyinka soo jireenka ah, waxa uu. Maytosis waxaa looga baahan yahay:

- koritaanka iyo horumarka noolaha multicellular (ka isuga unugyada jeermiga);

- barakaca ah layers cell hoose ugu sareysa iyo bedelka unugyada dhiigga (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets);

- dayactir waxyeelo unugyada (xoolaha qaar ka mid ah awoodda ee cusboonaysiinta waxay shardi u tahay badbaadada, sida kalluun iyo mulacyada);

- dhalmo asexual dhirta iyo qaar ka mid ah xoolaha (xawayaanka).

meiosis

qaybinaya unugyada jeermiga farsamo nuclei xoogaa ka duwan degaaankaaga. Sidaas darteed, ayuu helay unugyada in ay leeyihiin bar macluumaadka hidde badan ka horreeyay, waxay. Tani waa lagama maarmaan si ay u ilaaliyaan tirada joogta ah koromosoom oo ku jira unug kasta oo jidhka ah.

Meiosis dhacdaa laba marxaladood:

- yada YAREYNTA;

- yada equational.

Sax ah inta lagu guda jiro geeddi-socodka ayaa suuragal ah keliya ee unugyada la ah xitaa tirada koromosoomyada (diploid, tetraploid, iyo t geksaproidnym. D.). Dabcan, waxaa weli suurtagal ah in ay gudbaan meiosis iyo unugyada la set kisiga ee koromosoom, laakiin markaas xagiisa waxha, ma laga yaabaa in macne.

Hannaanku wuxuu hubinayaa dhalaysnimo in guurka interspecific. Tan iyo in jeermiga unugyada waa nooc oo kala duwan oo koromosoomyada, waxay adkaynaysaa ay isuga iyo muuqaalka kore ee farcankiis macne iyo bacrin ah.

Qaybta ugu horraysa ee meiosis

wajiga soo celin magaca kuwa maytosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. Laakiin waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah faraq weyn.

1. Prophase: set double ee koromosoomyada ka dhigaysa taxane ah oo transformations, oo maraya shan marxaladood (leptotena, zygotes, Paquita, diplotene, diakinesis). Waxaa jira in ka conjugation iyo isgoyska-talin jiray kulli mahad this.

Conjugation - wada this of koromosoomyada homologous. In leptotene therebetween sameeyaan filaments khafiif ah, ka dibna ku biiro ee lammaaneyaasha koromosoomyada zygotene iyo natiijada ka helay qaab-dhismeedka afar chromatids.

Crossover - geeddi-socodka ah ee cross-qeybaha kala duwan ee is-dhaafsiga u dhexeeya chromatids walaashiis ama koromosoomyada homologous. Tani waxay dhacdaa marxalad pachytene ah. isgoysyada asaasay (chiasm) koromosoomyada. In aadanaha, is dhaafsi u noqon karaa inta u dhaxaysa shan iyo soddon in lix iyo lixdan. Natiijada habkan waa heterogeneity hidaha ee ka dhalanaya wax, ama tirayn gametes.

Markuu u yimaaddo diplotene wareega afar chromatids a kaxeynayo waa la wada baabbi'iyey iyo walaashay koromosoomyada vzaimoottalkivayutsya. Diakinesis dhameystiraya guurka ka prophase in metaphase.

2. Metaphase: koromosoomyada saf ugu dhow dhulbaraha ee gacanta.

3. Anaphase: koromosoomyada, weli ka kooban laba chromatids fido in ulihii ka gacanta.

4. Telophase: qaybinaya dunmiiqa waa la wada baabbi'iyey, taasoo keentay in formation of laba unugyada la go'an haploid of koromosoomyada isagoo labo jeer cadadka DNA.

The heerka labaad meiotic

Nidaamkan waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaannaa "maytosis, meiosis." In daqiiqad u dhexeeya labada weji ee DNA yaac ma dhici karto, iyo gacanta labaad gala prophase of set isku mid ah koromosoomyada, taas oo iyadu ku hadhay ka dib markii 1 telophase.

1. Prophase: koromosoomyada degayaa baas xarunta cell-soociddiisa (haraadiga ay ku kala duwan yihiin ulo ka gacanta), oo galkii ka burburo xuduntii sameeyay dunmiiqa qeybinta amro dadab dunmiiqa ee horyaalka heerka koowaad ee.

2. Metaphase: koromosoomyada ku yaalaan ee dhulbaraha, waxaa la aasaasay saxan metaphase.

3. Anaphase: koromosoomyada kala qaybsan yihiin chromatids in radiate jiho kasta.

4. Telophase: unugyada gabadhii sameeyay chromatids core dispiralized galay chromatin.

Dhamaadka wajiga labaad ee hal unug waalid, waxaan heysanaa afar shuraakada la set kala bar koromosoomyada ah. Haddii meiosis qaadataa meel lala line jeermiga (in uu yahay, formation of unugyada jinsiga), qeybinta maratay yihiin sinnayn, oo waxaa la aasaasay by hal unug oo leh go'an haploid ee koromosoom iyo weyl saddex hoos, ma waday macluumaad hidde lagama maarmaanka ah. Waxay lagama maarmaan ah si loo hubiyo in in ukunta yihiin iyo shahwada ku hadhay kala badh kaliya ee wax hidaha ee gacanta waalidka. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, foomkan Qaybta nuclear bixisaa muuqaalka kore ee isku cusub oo hiddo, iyo sidoo kale dhaxal saafi ah oo alleles.

In version ugu fudud ee meiosis jirto marka ay jirto bar ka mid ah oo kaliya in wajiga koowaad, iyo labaad ee waxaa jira crossover. Seynisyahanno soo jeedinaya in foomkan waa maamaan ah evolutionary of meiosis caadiga ah noolaha multicellular. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay jiraan siyaabo kale oo fission nuclear, taasoo saynisyahano aadan weli ogayn.