Formation, Sayniska
The guryaha kiimikada ee alkynes. The qaab-dhismeedka, diyaarinta, codsiga
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - waa kiimiko organic. Oo kulligoodna waxaa lagu dhisay ee xubno ka kiimikada sida sida carbon iyo hydrogen. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - waa kiimiko ah, kaas oo ka tirsan kooxda hydrocarbon ah.
In this article waxaan eegi doonaa alkynes.
Waa maxay?
Waxyaabahani waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaannaa Consort alxamaad. Dhismaha alkyne bixisaa joogitaanka ee u taagoo of hydrogen iyo carbon atamka ay. General formula acetylenic Consort sida: C n H 2n-2. The fudud fudud alkyne - ethyne (alxamaad). Waxaa halkan leedahay formula kiimikada - C 2 H 2. Sidoo kale waxaa loola jeedaa alkynes propyne of formula C 3 N 4. Intaa waxaa dheer, Consort alxamaad loo saarin karaa butyne (C 4 H 6), pentyne (C 5 H 8) hexyne (C 6 H 10), heptyne (C 7 H 12), octyne (C 8 H 14), Nonin ( C 9 H 16) decyne (C 10 H 18), iyo wixii la mid ah d.. Dhammaan noocyada alkynes muujiyaan astaamo la mid ah. Aynu fiiriyaa si faahfaahsan.
The guryaha jirka ah ee alkynes
Sifooyinka jirka ah ee Consort alxamaad xusuusiyo alkenes.
Under xaaladaha caadiga ah, alkynes, taagoo of kuwaas oo ka kooban labo ilaa afar atamka carbon, waxay leeyihiin gobolka oo iskiis u wadar ahaan labada lug. Kuwa u taagoo of taas oo shan ilaa 16 atamka carbon, hoos jira xaalad caadi ah ee dareeraha ah. Kuwa u taagoo of 17 ama ka badan atamka ee element kiimikada ah, - adkaha.
Alkynes dhalaali iyo karkariyo heerkulka ka sarreeya ee alkanes iyo alkenes.
Milmi biyo waa qiimo lahayn, laakiin wax yar ka badan yahay in of alkenes iyo alkanes.
Milmi in qase organic waa heer sare ah.
The alkyne ugu loo isticmaalo - alxamaad - wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin jirka sida:
- Waxay leedahay midab lahayn,
- ur,
- ku hoos jira xaalad caadi ah, waa in gobolka oo iskiis u ah xulkii;
- Waxay leedahay cufnaanta ka hoosaysiisay hawada;
- dhibic karaya - jaray 83.6 degrees Celsius,
The guryaha kiimikada ee alkynes
In walxaha kuwan, atamka ka wacdi bond xaafuun, kaas oo sharxaya guryaha aasaasiga ah. Alkynes fal noocan:
- hydrogenation;
- gidrogalogenirovanie;
- halogenation;
- fuuq;
- gubanaya.
Aan soo qaato si.
hydrogenation
The guryaha kiimikada ee alkynes oggolaan inay galaan noocan ah falcelin. Noocan ah isdhexgalka kiimikada, kuna waari dhexdeeda Britain walax laftiisa qabsadey atamka hydrogen dheeraad ah. Halkan waxaa ku qoran tusaale ka mid ah sida falgal kiimikaad in ay dhacdo propyne:
2 saac 2 + C 3 H 4 = C 3 H 8
reaction Tani waxay dhacdaa in laba marxaladood. In Britain ugu horeysay propyne qabsadey laba atamka ah hydrogen, iyo tan labaad - tiro la mid ah.
halogenation
Tani waa fal-celin kale, taas oo ah qayb ka mid ah guryaha kiimikada ee alkynes. Its natiijada Britain hydrocarbon acetylenic qabsadey atamka halogeen. Arintaan waxaa ka mid ah xubno sida chloro, bromo, iodo, iwm
Halkan waxaa ku qoran tusaale ka mid ah cadaanyo in ay dhacdo etinylesttriadiol sida:
C 2 H 2 + 2 = 2SІ C 2 H 2 s² 4
Geedi socodka la mid ah sidoo kale waa suurto gal leh Consort kale acetylenic.
Gidrogalogenirovanie
Sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah dareen diidmo ugu weyn, taas oo ah qayb ka mid ah guryaha kiimikada ee alkynes. Waa been in xaqiiqda ah in walax la jawaabay xeryahooda sida NSІ, ni, HBr, iyo kuwa kale. Reaction kiimikada Tani waxay dhacdaa in laba marxaladood. Bal aynu eegno falcelinta ee noocan ah ee tusaale ahaan ka mid ah etinylesttriadiol:
C 2 H 2 + NSІ = C 2 H 3 s²
C 2 H 2 + s² NSІ = C 2 H 4 s² 2
fuuq
Tani waa reaction kiimikada ku jirta xiriir la biyaha ah. Waxaa sidoo kale dhacda in laba marxaladood. Bal aynu eegno waxa at on tusaale ahaan ka mid ah etinylesttriadiol:
H 2 O + C 2 H 2 = C 2 H 3 OH
walax A kaas oo la sameeyay ka dib markii uu cadaanyo ba'an ugu horeysay masraxa loo yaqaan khamriga vinylalkohol.
Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in sida uu xukunka group functional Eltekova OH ma noqon karo ku xiga si ay nafteeda ku double, rearrangement of atamka, iyadoo ay sabab u taasoo khamriga vinylalkohol waxaa la aasaasay acetaldehyde.
Geedi socodka ah ee dareen-celin fuuq sidoo kale loo yaqaan alkyne Kucherova.
gubashadii
nidaamka dhexgalka Tani of alkynes la oxygen heerkulka sare. Tixgeli gubanaya walxaha kooxdan la alxamaad tusaale ahaan:
2C 2 H 2 + 2 = 2O Rettigheter 2 saac 2 O + CO 2 + 3c
Marka xad dhaaf ah ogsijiin, alxamaad, iyo alkynes shido aan formation of carbon. Sayidka qoondeeyey oo keliya carbon monoxide iyo biyo. Halkan waxaa ku qoran isla'egta cadaanyo la tusaale ahaan propyne:
4O 2 + C 3 H 4 = 2 saac 2 O + 3Oo 2
Gubasho Consort kale acetylenic sidoo kale dhacda oo kale. Sidaas darteed, biyaha la sii daayay iyo carbon dioxide.
Dareen-celinta kale
Sidoo kale acetylenes awood ficil la cusbada biraha sida lacag, copper iyo calcium. Sidaas awgeed waxaa laga bedelay a of atamka biraha hydrogen. Ka fiirso tusaale ahaan this ee view of falcelinta la amooniyam alxamaad iyo lacag,
C 2 H 2 + 2AgNO3 = Ag 2 C 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2 saac 2 O
habka kale oo xiiso lug alkynes - cadaanyo Zelinsky. Tani formation of benzene ka alxamaad marka ay tahay kulul 600 degrees Celsius in joogitaanka carbon firfircoonaan. isla'egta ee reaction this lagu sheegi karaa sida soo socota:
3c 2 H 2 = C 6 H 6
polymerization of alkynes badan ee suurtogalka ah - geeddi-socodka ah ee ururka dhowr taagoo oo ah walaxda in polymer ah.
soo dhaweynta
reaction Alkyne in aan kor ku wada hadleen, waxaa loo diyaariyey in shaybaarka siyaabo dhowr ah.
Midkii kowaad wuxuu u - dehydrohalogenation ah. Waxa ay u muuqataa isla'egta reaction leeyahay,
C 2 H 4 br 2 + 2KOH = C 2 H 2 + 2 saac 2 O + 2KBr
Wixii la fuliyo geedi socodkii waa in la kululeeyo reactants ah, iyo dar ethanol sida Hannaan.
Sidoo kale waxaa suurogal ah ee alkynes ka xeryahooda ka imanba. Halkan waxaa ku qoran tusaale:
CAC 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 2 + 2CA (OH) 2
Habka labaad ee soo saara alkyne - dehydrogenation. Halkan waxaa ku qoran tusaale ka mid ah cadaanyo noocan oo kale ah:
= 3H 2 CH 4 + 2 C 2 H 2
Iyada oo noocan ah cadaanyo waxaa laga heli karaa ethyne ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin Consort kale acetylenic.
Isticmaalka alkyne
Waxaa ugu ballaaran loo adeegsado warshadaha ahaa ka ugu fudud alkyne - ethyne. Waxaa si weyn loo isticmaalaa in industry kiimikada.
- Loo baahan yahay alxamaad ama kale alkynes soo saarka mid kale xeryahooda organic sida ketones, aldehydes, iyo qase kale.
- Sidoo kale ka alkynes waxaa laga heli karaa walxaha kuwaasi oo loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee masaxado, chloride polyvinyl iyo kuwa kale.
- From propyne waxaa laga heli karaa sida acetone natiijo RAKTs Kucherova.
- Waxaa intaa dheer, alxamaad waxaa loo isticmaalaa in diyaarinta kiimikada sida acid acetic, Consort leedahay beduliyum, khamriga ethyl.
- alxamaad More loo isticmaalaa sidii shidaalka ah kulayl aad u dheer ee soo sari.
- Sidoo kale dareen-celin sari ethynyl waxaa loo isticmaalaa alxanka biraha.
- Intaas waxaa sii dheer, iyadoo la isticmaalayo alxamaad ah la diyaarin karaa carbon Technical.
- Sidoo kale, walax this waxaa loo isticmaalaa in kulan taagan oo keliya.
- Tirada alxamaad iyo Consort kale ee kooxdan waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida propellants ay sabab u tahay kuleyl aad u sareeya ee soo sari.
In alkynes codsigan dhamaado.
gunaanad
Iyada oo qayb ka ugu dambeeya ee horyaalka waa mid kooban oo ka mid ah sifooyinka Consort alxamaad iyo diyaarinta.
| Magaca reactions | sharaxa | tusaale ahaan isla'egta |
| halogenation | reaction Intaa waxaa dheer Britain ayaa ka mid ah atamka halogeen hydrocarbon acetylenic (bromine, iodine, chlorine, iwm). | C 4 H 6 + 2 = 2Waxaan C 4 H 6 of I 2 |
| hydrogenation | reaction Intaa waxaa dheer ah atamka hydrogen Britain alkyne. Waxay dhacdaa laba marxaladood. | C 3 H 4 + 2 = H C 3 H 6 C 3 H 6 + H 2 = C 3 H 8 |
| Gidrogalogenirovanie | reaction Intaa waxaa dheer ee gidrogalogenov hydrocarbon Britain ayaa ku alxamaad (ni, NSІ, HBr). Waxay dhacdaa laba marxaladood. | C 2 H 2 + ni = C 2 H 3 Waxaan of C 2 H 3 + ni of I = C 2 H 4 I 2 |
| fuuq | Xasaasiyada, kaas oo ku salaysan yahay is dhexgalka biyaha. Waxay dhacdaa laba marxaladood. | C 2 H 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 3 OH C 2 H 3 OH = CH 3 -CHO |
| qayilo dhameystiran (sari) | Atsetilenovgo ficil hydrocarbon la oxygen at heerkulka kacsantahay. Tani waxay soo saartaa carbon monoxide iyo biyo. | 2C 2 H 5 + 2 = 5O 2 saac 2 O + 4CO 2 2C 2 H 2 + 2 = 2O Rettigheter H 2 O + CO 2 + 3c |
| Xasaasiyada la cusbada biraha | Wuxuu ka kooban yahay in xaqiiqda ah in atamka biraha waxaa lagu bedelay la atamka ee u taagoo of hydrogen Consort acetylenic. | C 2 H 2 + AgNO3 = C 2 Ag 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2 saac 2 O |
Hel alkynes noqon karaa shaybaar la isticmaalayo saddex hab:
- xeryahooda ka imanba,
- by dehydrogenation xeryahooda organic,
- Habka dehydrohalogenation walxaha organic.
Sidaas awgeed, waxaan eegay oo dhan sifooyinka jirka iyo kiimikada ee alkyne ah, hababka diyaarinta ay, codsiyada in industry ee.
Similar articles
Trending Now