The Halabuurka iyo cufnaanta ee la shito ah, habka ay u diyaarinta

Muddo dheer, Dadka ayaa isku dayay in la helo il fudud oo si sahlan loo isticmaalo ee kulaylka, iftiinka iyo shidaalka. markii ugu horeysay maadaama ay tani waxay ahaayeen qoryo caadi ah oo caws, ka dib dadka bartay in la sameeyo iyo sida loo isticmaalo Peat ah. Haddaba Bini'aadamka ayaa sameeyey horumar degdeg ah oo la taaban karo ee sayniska iyo farsamada ee guud - iyo qaybta shidaalka gaar ahaan, waxay bilaabeen in ay isticmaalaan la shito.

Waa isku dar ah ee Consort kulul heerkulka a of 150-250 ° C. Waa, saliid, dareere cad ololi kara helay muxaadaro oo saliid ceyriin. Iyada oo ku xidhan habka nidaaminta iyo Halabuurka kiimikada ee la shito ka mid noqon kara Consort cokan nooca aliphatic, xeryahooda naphthenic, xeryahooda bicyclic, noocyo kala duwan oo nijaasta ah ogsijiin, baaruud ama nitrogen xubno.

Talaabada ugu muhiimsan ee codsiga ah ee la shito gudaha la xidhiidha been abuurtay ee 1823 godu unit lagu sifeeyo. Oo tan iyo 1950, markii ay bilaabeen in ay si firfircoon horumarinta turboprop oo diyaarad jet, oo bilawday kale ee noociisa ah, loo yaqaan "shidaalka diyaaradaha". Waxaa diyaarshay oo ka mid ah iyo noocyada kale ee saliidda la shito by muxaadaro. Inta lagu guda jiro hoose saliid processing daahir by nijaasta ahaa oo biyo kala duwan (waxaa xusid mudan in cufnaanta ee la shito yar cufnaanta biyo ah). Markaas ka kooban horey u daahiriyeen waxaa la hoos geliyey muxaadaro toos ah, inta lagu guda jiro kaas oo hydrocarbon jajab dhibic karaya saliiddii la sii daayay iyo saliidda haraaga ah.

Celcelis ahaan, cufnaanta la shito waa saabsan 0,78-0,85 g halkii centimitir cubic, iyo dhibic flash ee u dhaxeysa 28 72 ° C. cufnaanta ee dareeraha guban loo isticmaalo ujeeddooyin gudaha, si siman u 830 kg halkii mitir cubic, iyo barta flash ku saabsan tahay 35-40 ° C. Tani waa tilmaamayaasha ugu badan. Mugga la shito, loo isticmaalo Nuur ee miinooyinka iyo weelasha yaryar waa 860 kg halkii mitir cubic. Mitidiin noocan ah dareere ah waxaa laga yaabaa in ilaa 90 ° C. cufnaanta la shito waa aan ka yarayn 780 kg halkii mitir cubic. shito noocan oo kale ah si loogu isticmaalo baarka duulimaadyada diyaaradaha subsonic.

By kerosine la fahamsan yahay qiimaha cufnaanta ah, wixii la goostay by ratio of mass shidaalka in ay mugga. Go'aaminta cufnaanta ee shidaalka dareere isticmaalaya pycnometer ah - qalabka si gaar ah loogu talagalay go'aaminta cufnaanta ee kala duwan oo cabitaanno ah iyo adkaha.

Waayo, falanqaynta u baahan darmuus pycnometer awood u dayactirka heerkulka 20 ° C, bamka vacuum a, a desiccator vacuum, heerkulbeegga iyo la shito. Nidaamka laftiisa waa la xisaabinayo ay cufnaanta u qaybsan yahay dhowr marxaladood. First, si fiican maydheen oo pycnometer qalajiyey miisaamay. Markaas dhici graphite hurdo iyo mar kale u miisaamay isaga ku. Markaas sibraar la shubay la shito (mug badh), kuna rid desiccator halkaas oo qabtay oo ku saabsan hal saac.

In pycnometer labaad falanqaynta stage, laga soo desiccator iyo gabi ahaanba ka buuxsamay la shito, loo dhigay hal saac ee hagitaanada ah. Ka dib markii muddo waqti go'an qalabka laga saaro foornada ayna go'aansato in mass. Markaas, in pycnometer isku, laakiin mar hore iyo sidoo kale-dhaqday iyo suuxaan qalalan, ku shubtay la shito iyo ma isku wada mid, laakiin aan lahayn dheer ee graphite. tallaabo la mid ah ay fuliyeen by pycnometer a caadiga ah biyo arimaha debeda shubtay.

cufnaanta la shito saaraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo formula soo socda: cufnaanta oo biyo ah by miisaanka Farqiga of pycnometer la shito iyo graphite iyo mass ee pycnometer gabi ahaanba madhan waa tarmay, iyo natiijada waxaa loo qaybiyaa by farqiga u mass of pycnometer biyo iyo miisaanka pycnometer madhan.

kala The oggol yahay inta u dhaxaysa natiijada laba go'aan barbar qaadeen waa in aan ka badnayn 0,01-0,02 g / cm.