Waa maxay habaynteeda macluumaadka iyo processing?

In dunida ka jira waa sarrifka joogta ah qulqulka macluumaadka. Wararka ayaa waxaa laga yaabaa in dadka, qalabka farsamada, waxyaabo kala duwan, waxyaabaha nooleyn iyo dabeecadda walax. Helaan macluumaad kartaan sida wax hal, ama dhowr.
Si fiican isku mar xiriiraan sireed waxaa qaadeen oo soo processing xogta kooxda gudbiye ah (data tababarka, iyada oo markaa qaab ku haboon turjumaad, processing iyo kaydinta), shixnad iyo kelmadaha kooxda qadanayo (diinta xogta ku suntan galay qaab asalka ah). Tani xiriira caqabadaha: isha aqbalana waa in algorithms processing xogta la mid ah, ama habka habaynteeda-kelmadaha ay noqon doontaa wax aan macquul aheyn. Koodh iyo processing macluumaadka garaafyada iyo multimedia caadi fulin ku salaysan farsamada kombiyuutarka.

Deji macluumaad on your computer

Waxaa jira siyaabo badan oo data (text, lambarada, muuqaallo kale, video, codka) by computer ah. Dhamaan macluumaadka baaraandegi by computer ah, matalayay code binary - tirooyin 1 iyo 0 waxaa lagu magacaabaa gelinno. Farsamo ahaan, habkan laga hirgeliyay waa mid aad u fudud: 1 - signal koronto joogo, 0 - maqan. Marka laga eego dhinaca bani, codes kuwanu waa xanibayo, waayo aragtida - safaf dhaadheer ee eber iyo kuwa u taagan Calaamooyinka encoded waa mid aad u adag tahay in si deg deg ah u fududeyn. Laakiin format duubo this si degdeg ah u muujiyaa in macluumaadka sireed sida. Tusaale ahaan, tirada 8 qaab binary sideed-god u eg xigxiga soo socda ee gelinno: 000001000. Laakiin way adag tahay in nin, oo kaliya kombiyuutarka. Electronics ka hawl yar in ay la tacaalaan xubno badan oo sahlan ka badan qadar yar oo ah oo adag.

text Deji

Markii aan riix badhanka on keyboard ah, computer helo code gaar ah button cidhiidhiyeen ayaa doonaya, waayo, in miiska qof ASCII caadiga ah (Code American Warfaafinta waydaartaan), "ayaa ogaatay in" waxa button la isku soo riixayo, iyo gudbiya code this for processing dheeraad ah (tusaale ahaan, waayo bandhigay qof ). Waayo, kaydinta code qof qaab binary isticmaalaya 8 gelinno, sidaas darteed tirada ugu badan ee isku uyeelaysaan kuwo 256. The 128 characters ugu horeysay ee loo isticmaalo characters, lambarrada iyo xarfaha gacanta. Qeybtii labaad waxaa loogu talagalay calaamadaha qaranka iyo dacayadeed.

text Deji

Waxa ay noqon doontaa fudud si ay u fahmaan waxa habaynteeda macluumaadka, sida tusaale. Ka fiirso codes qof Ingiriisi "C" iyo warqadda Ruush "C". Ogow in calaamadaha soo dhuray caasimadda, iyo codes waa ka yaryarba ah oo kala duwan. qof Ingiriisi ekaan 01000010, iyo Ruush - 11010001. Xaqiiqada ah in qofka shaashadda u muuqataa isku mid, computer ka arkaa arrin ka duwan. Waxa kale oo loo baahan yahay in ay bixiyaan si ay xaqiiqada ah in codes of the 128 characters ugu horeysay isku dareenka, laakiin laga bilaabo 129 ka dibna mid ka mid code binary laga yaabaa in u dhigmaan warqado kala duwan, taas oo ku xidhan miiska xeerka. Tusaale ahaan, xeerka tobanle 194 laga yaabaa in u dhigmaan warqad KOI8 "b" ee SR1251 - "B" ee ISO ah - «T», iyo in SR866 habaynteeda iyo Mus guud code taasi ma helin hal qof. Sidaa darteed, marka aad furto qoraalka ah, waxaan arki halkii erayada Ruush abracadabra qof alphanumeric, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in macluumaadka habaynteeda tani ma aha annaga iyo aad u baahan tahay in ay doortaan ah calaamadaha lacagta kala duwan.

lambarada habaynteeda

In nidaamka binary waxaa laga qaadaa laba kaliya fursadaha qiimaha - 0 iyo 1. Dhammaan hawlaha aasaasiga ah tirooyin binary la isticmaalayo sayniska ee loo yaqaan xisaabta binary. Tallaabooyinkan waxay leeyihiin sifooyin u gaar ah. Qaado, tusaale ahaan, tirada 45, makiinad on keyboard ah. Tirada kastaa wuxu iska leeyahay code siddeed lambar ee horyaalka code ASCII ah, sidaas darteed tirada degan laba bytes (16 gaballo): 5 - 01,010,011 4 - 01.000.011. Si aad u isticmaasho lambarka this xisaabinta, waxa loo tarjumay by algorithms gaar ah nidaamka tirada binary qaab sideed lambar binary: 45 - 00101101.

Koodh iyo processing ee muuqaallo kale

In 50-mada on kombiyuutarada in inta badan loo isticmaalo ujeeddooyin sayniska iyo military, markii ugu horeysay ogaaday bandhigay garaafyada of data. Maanta, muuqaalaynta macluumaadka ka computer ka, waa wax caadi ah oo la yaqaan in kasta oo arrin qofka, iyo kuwa wakhtigaas waxaa soo saaray kacaanka aan caadi ahayn in la technology shaqeeya. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay saameeyeen saameynta laabaha aadanaha: matalaad muuqaal macluumaadka waxaa ka wanaagsan ku milmaan iyo aqbalay. boodboodi weyn A weeraryahanka horumarinta muuqaalaynta xogta ka dhacay 80s ee, markii habaynteeda iyo processing macluumaad muuqaallo kale heshay horumarinta awoodda badan.

Analog iyo naqshadeynta Discrete waxqabadka

macluumaad Graphic waa laba nooc: analog (rinjiyeynta leh midab joogto ah la beddelo) iyo Discrete (sawir kooban hannaanka ah pixels midab oo kala duwan). Wixii sahlanaato shaqada la images ay computer loola dhaqmo - sampling da'ayeen, dheehan element kasta waxa lagu qoray qiimaha gaar ah midabka qaab code gaar ah. Koodh iyo processing macluumaadka garaafyada la mid ah si uu shuqulka leh mahrajaan kooban jajabkii yar oo badan. War sidee tayada habaynteeda ee ku xidhan tahay size of dhibco (yar size ee element ah - dhibcood ku yeelan doonto qadar weyn halkii deegaanka unit, - tayada sare) iyo size ee palette midabyada isticmaalo (sare dalalka midabka qaadan kartaa qodob kasta, siday u kala horreeyaan, siday macluumaad dheeraad ah, tayada fiican ee ).

Abuuritaanka iyo kaydinta garaafyada

Waxaa jira dhowr qaabab waaweyn image - dulinka, raster, iyo fractal. Dhanka kale tixgeliyo isku-dar ah raster iyo dulinka - waa mid baahsan ee naga multimedia waqti 3D-muuqaallo kale oo ka dhigan farsamooyinka iyo hababka dhismaha walxaha saddex dhinac-cabbir bannaan ee dalwaddii. Koodh iyo processing macluumaadka garaafyada iyo multimedia waa kala duwan ee format kasta image.

bitmap

nuxurka qaabka graphic in sawirka u qaybsan yahay dhibco yar oo midab (pixels). The gacanta dhibic bidix ee sare. Sireed macluumaad image mar walba bilaabataa ka dhankiisii bidix iyo line image ah by line, pixel kasta helo code midabka ah. bitmap Barakaca loo xisaabin karaa by dhufashada tirada dhibcaha on mugga macluumaad ah ee kasta (oo ay ku xiran tahay tirada kala duwanaansho midab). The sare xallinta kormeeraha, ayaa in ka badan tirada khadadka raster iyo dhibicyo taxane kasta, siday u kala horreeyaan, tayada image sare. code binary waxaa loo isticmaali karaa ka baaraandegidda xogta image of nooca raster ah, tan iyo dhalaalka dhibic kasta oo isku mid ah ay goobta lagu matalay karaa sida abyoonayaasha.

dulinka image

Sireed naqshadeynta iyo multimedia macluumaadka nooca dulinka waa la dhimay xaqiiqada ah in shayga graphic waxaa wakiil qaab qeybaha hoose iyo labada cirif. guryaha Line, kaas oo ku saleeyaan wax yihiin qaabka (si toos ah ama qalooca), midabka, oo dhumucdiisuna waxay, style (tuuri ama line adag). khadadka kuwa xiran yihiin, waxay leeyihiin hanti kale - buuxinta alaabta kale ama midab. booska uu ka shayga waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa ka dhibcood ee bilowgii iyo dhammaadka of line iyo gacan ah ee dhaf ah lagu bedello. naqshadeynta Volume qaab dulinka Raster badan ka yar, laakiin u baahan tahay software gaar ah si aad u eegto garaafyada noocan ah. Waxaa sidoo kale jira barnaamijyada - vectorizers ekaysiinaya images raster galay dulinka.

naqshadeynta fractal

Noocan ah graphic sida dulinka ah, wuxuu ku salaysan yahay xisaabta, laakiin waa qayb asaasi ah oo ka mid ah caanaha laftiisa. In xasuusta kombiyuutarka waxaa jira uma baahna in ay ku kaydiso wax images ama shay, sawirka waxaa laga formula laftiisa oo kaliya. Gooldhalinta noocan ah waa habboon in la arki dhismeedka ma aha oo kaliya fudud ee caadiga ah, laakiin sidoo kale sawirada adag, simulating, tusaale ahaan, Bbc ee kulan ama emulators.

mowjado dhawaaq

Waa maxay habaynteeda macluumaadka, weli waxaa lagu soo bandhigay karaa tusaale ahaan ka mid ah dhawaaqa ka shaqeeya. Waxaan ognahay in dunida waxaa ka buuxa dhawaaqa. Tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore, qof ay is tusay sida dhawaaqyada laga soo saaro - ruxruxo hawada tilmaantay Tifaftirayaasha iyo rarefied, saamaynaya durbaanka. Qofka Oga ruxruxo leh inta jeer ee 16 Hz 20 Khz (1 Hertz - mid ka mid oscillation per labaad). All hirarka kuwaas oo inta jeer gariirka ka baxsan kala duwan this waxaa loo yaqaan dhawaaqa.

guryaha codka

sifooyinka dhawaajin midab, timbre (color dhawaaqa of taas oo ku xiran waveform ah), sarajooggiisuna (inta jeer ee, wixii la goostay by inta jeer ee oscillations per labaad) iyo mugga of taas oo ku xiran xoogga gariirka. dhawaaqa kasta oo dhab ah waxay ka kooban tahay isku dar ah ee oscillation harmonic la set go'an oo mawjadaha. Waaga ku leh inta jeer ee ugu hooseeya waxaa lagu magacaabaa ohyahay asaasiga ah, kuwa kale - rar. A midab midabka gaar ah siinayaa codka - cadadka kala duwan oo rar soo jireenka ah ee hufan dhawaaqa this. midab, waxaan garan karaan codkooda kuwa jecel yahay, in la kala saaro dhawaaqa alaabtii muusikada.

Barnaamijka codka shaqeeya

Shuruud ku shaqeynta barnaamijka loo qaybin karaa dhawr nooc: korontada iyo darawalada for kaararka dhawaaqa, oo iyaga la shaqeeyo heerka hoose, tafatirayaasha audio in qabtaan hawlaha kala duwan oo la files audio iyo codsan saamaynta kala duwan iyaga, synthesizers software iyo converters, analogue-digital ( ADC) iyo digital-ka-analog (DAC).

Deji audio

Koodh macluumaad multimedia waa in loogu badalo codka analog galay dabeecadda Discrete for processing dheeraad ah oo ku haboon. ADC helo talooyin ku signal analog, cabiraya ay Ilodanimada dura waqti gaar ah iyo soo saarka taxanaha digital la isbedel xogta Ilodanimada inayan. No Isbadal jirka dhacdaa.

signal saarka waa Discrete, si kastaba ha ahaatee, in ka badan inta jeer ee Ilodanimada inayan cabbirka (sample), more hufan signalka wax soo saarka u dhiganta talooyin ah, si fiican sireed baas iyo ka shaqeynta macluumaadka multimedia. Muunado ayaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan isku xigxiga ah amar ku bixiyay in xogta digital helay ADC ee. Geedi socodka laftiisa waxaa ka dibna loo yaqaan sampling, ee Ruush - waraystay.

Isbadal The-bedelka waxaa loo sameeyaa by DAC ku salaysan a xogta digital helay talooyin waqti cayiman u keenaysaa in qarniga Ilodanimada lagama maarmaan signal korontada ah.

beegyada uu sampling

Seplirovaniya koobin ugu muhiimsan yihiin ma aha oo kaliya cabbirka inta jeer ee, laakiin sidoo kale xoogaa ah - saxnaanta lagu qiyaaso isbeddelka ee Ilodanimada inayan ee muunad kasta. The digitization badan oo sax ah loo kala qaado marka qiimaha ee unug kasta oo waqti Ilodanimada signalka, sare tayada signal ka dib markii ADC ee, sare u saxnimada of ruxruxo soo kabashada ee diinta ka dambe.