Waa maxay sphragistics? sayniska ee shaabadood

Jawaabaha su'aasha ah: "Waa maxay sphragistics?" Bilow geliyey 1709. M. Geynektsy. Sphragistics - saynis ah in daraasad saxaafadda. Waayo, Geynektsiem raacay sayniska this siiyey magaceeda la joogo Iogann Geymann ka dibna Gatterer, Gerken, Ledebour, Hohenlohe-Waldenburg, iyo kuwa kale. Seyler ka tirsan shuqullada wanaagsan ee la soo dhaafay on sphragistics.

Horumarinta ee sayniska ee shaabadood

In XVIII qarnigii bilaabay inuu qaab qaado waaxda Diplomatique sphragistics ah. gool ay mar ahaayeen in shukaansi ee dokumentiga, iyo sidoo kale sameynta ay xaqiiq tahay. In mustaqbalka, fikradda ah in sphragistics sida, ayaa la kordhiyay. Isticmaalka sayniska tan iyo dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX ayaa lagu soo bandhigay badan daabacaadda, isgaarsiinta laga badiyay la dokumentiga (reer Kaldayiin, qadiimiga ah dalka Masar, Old, Parthian, Indian qadiimiga ah iyo kuwo kale.). Waxay la helay inta lagu jiro kabxidda. Tan iyo waqti in sphragistics - saynis ah in waxbarashada, iyo waxyaabo kale, taariikhda horumarka iyo dhisidda hay'adaha qadiimiga ah ee gobolka ku saleysan kala soocidda shaabadood, oo lagu ogaadaa isbedelka uu shaqaalaha. In USSR ah, waxaa jiray kor u calaamadeysan ee sayniska this. Tani ayaa lala xiriiriyay koror weyn helay inta lagu guda jiro excavations ee Pskov iyo qalabka Novgorod.

In suugaanta Ruush, marka laga reebo cutubka gaar ah kitaabkii Lakier "Heraldry Ruush", kaas oo kuu sharaxaya daabacaadda iyo bixisaa jawaab su'aasha waxa sphragistics muddo dheer sayniska this ahaayeen oo kaliya xogta yar iyo kala daadsan. Yanin ayaa daabacay 1970 daraasadda laba-mugga a xaq u leedahay "Documents on print guurka Baydka Russia". saynisyahan Tani waxa ay ahayd bedelka kiiska NP Likhachev, taas waxaa loo arkaa aasaasihii oo ka mid ah sphragistics Soviet. Waxaa Likhachev noqday xubin muhiim ah in daraasad ah ee dhaxalka kuwa dadka da'da weynaa Russia ka dib dejinta Novgorod la aasaasay bilowgii qarnigii XX. sayniska ee shaabadood maanta ma yihiin kuwo aad u firfircoon, laakiin weli isa soo taraysa. Waxaa jira baaritaano cusub ee ku yaala goobahan.

sphragistics Communication in numismatics iyo heraldry

Sidaas awgeed, waxaan ogaaday in sphragistics - saynis ah in daraasad saxaafadda. hadda na daa, laamo qaar ka mid ah aqoon waxa uu leeyahay xidhiidhka ka weyn. sayniska Tani waxay si toos ah oo la xidhiidha numismatics, iyo heraldry. Iyadoo la soo dhaafay - taas oo marka hore loo isticmaalaa oo kaliya on shaabadihiisa of images badan waxaa ka dibna sii dhex maray gacmaha. Print isticmaalaya amiirradii gaar ah. Iyagu waa astaanta dhaxalka, taas oo ay boqor ka ahaa sawiray. Muddo ka dib, Astaantooda waxaa inta badan ka mid ah jubbadihii hubka. Tani waxay dhacday, tusaale ahaan, Prince Golitsyn (Astaanta Duchy of Lithuania).

Sphragistics la xiriira numismatics in inta badan ee lacagta birta qabtay print ah Prince, kuwaas oo waqtiga xeerarka. Haddii Looxii iyo qorniinkan, sida ay logo on print ka heli karo ay ka soo jeedo.

Print qadiimiga ah

Si aad u si fiican u fahmaan waxa sphragistics, aynu u noqon oo taariikhda. Aad jir ah waa isticmaalka stamps caadadii. Horeba wakhtiyadii hore, dadka Eastern saaray shaabadda. caadadii Tani waxa uu ku baahay inta badan ee Baabuloon, Persepolis iyo Masar. Shaabadood ka dibna waxaa jiray dhagxan adag midab ku jiray qaab lamid, dhululubada, iyo G. marks kala duwan si on. Dhigay iyaga on.

Meelo badan ee Kitaabka Quduuska ah waxaa laga heli karaa Xusuuso shaabadood. Tusaale ahaan, Cutubka III XXI Samuel, Cutubka XIV ah Daniel, cutubka XXXVIII Genesis. caadadii la cabbo ka dadyowga bariga amaahatay ee Romans iyo Gariigba. Romans The isticmaalo caadiga print-siddo. Waxay sameeyey daabacan image ah, waxaa codsanaya in noocyada kala duwan ee falalka. Degeen on qabiilooyinka ciidda Roman bartay this dhaqanka, taas oo habase yeeshee noqday baahsan oo caadi ah wakhti aan ka horeyn qarnigii XII ah.

Qiimaha mid ah caadada iyo isticmaalka of stamps in Qarniyadii

Muddo dheer, print bedeli saxiixa, waxay noqotay qiimaha weyn. tallaabooyin taxaddar ah oo kala duwan ayaa loo isticmaalaa ka hortagga khayaanada. Taasi waa ujeeddada asal ahaan u adeegi jireen sida sayniska ah in daraasad saxaafadda. Iyada oo iid weyn dhacay lifaaqa falalka muhiim ah ay. Sida Jarmalka oo dadka Roomana way, waxaa caadadiisu ahayd in ay ku riday xabaashii la shaabaddiisii-ring dhintay. Waxaa mararka qaar duugoobay on qoorta, taladeeda shaabadood dadweynaha iyo boqornimo.

Noocyada kala duwan ee shaabadood qadiimiga ah

Si VIII qarnigii, loo isticmaalo inta badan hal dhinac. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib markii laba qarniyo, waxay bilaabeen inay bedelay double in xayiran in ay warqad, Dejino, ama dhegaysanayay suuman ah. Waxaa jiray daabacaadda leaden (haddii kale - Print-dibi, ay magaca ka kubadaha hogaanka, kaas oo la tumay image helay), lacag, dahab ah (oo dhif ah), naxaas ah, wax, iyo qasacad iyo wax. Marka laga reebo wax iyo wax, waxaa kulligood ka wada laalaaday. In ka sphragistics galbeedka stamps sida lagu magacaabay sigilla, ama pendentia sigilla. Waxay append si hoose ee waraaqaha ah, isla markiiba ka dib saxiixa, on xariir ama dharka wanaagsan oo linenka xadhig ama xabbadood oo maqaar ama soo Dejino. Haddii ay jiraan ahaayeen shaabadood yar, marka ay kaalinta ku xiga darajo iyo Jagada milkiilayaasha.

Qaab aad u kala duwan shaabadood: waxay ku wareegsanaa (ugu da'da weyn), kiish, gadood, square, saddex xagal, hexagonal, iyo kuwa kale.

Qiimaha midabka shaabadood

By dabiiciga ah ee arrimaha iyo sharafta ah oo ay shakhsiyaad in la kala saaro midabada wax. Ay leeyihiin madax ka, iyo sidoo kale dadka mudnaanta gaarka ah, siinta xaq u leedahay inaad seal wax casaan ah. Sida caadiga ah wax madow warqado ah Wadaad of Constantinople uu daabacay. midabka Azure ama buluug ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa in XVI iyo XVII qarnigii mudnaanta.

daabacaadda gobolka

Shaabadood ayaa lagu sawiray logos milkiilayaasha loo xilsaaray, fariimihii qaab xeerarka, tilmaamaha, milkiilayaasha image dadka. Astaamaha ama Astaantooda ahaayeen gaar ahaan kala duwan. shaabadood gobolka Gaarka ahaayeen heli karaa gobol kasta. Waxay waxaa loo qaybiyaa sadex qaybood oo waaweyn: yaryar, dhexdhexaad ah oo waaweyn. Large loo qoondeeyey in dukumentiyada ugu muhiimsan, inta badan treatises caalamiga ah iyo shuruucda. Yaryar iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka loo isticmaalo waraaqaha yar oo muhiim ah oo wuxuu warqado u sovereigns ah. Waayo, isticmaalka shakhsi taliyayaasha gobolada qaarkood waa nooc gaar ah oo saxaafadda gaarka loo leeyahay (gaar ahaan in ay Netherlands iyo England). hayayna seal gobolka qaybta ugu waa Wasaaradda ama wasiirka caddaaladda iyo wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda (Sweden, Wurttemberg, Bavaria iyo Netherlands) iyo Wasaaradda State (Prussia).

Sidda jubbadda qoyska hubka seal leeyahay Pope ee. Waxaa ku lifaaqan ee treatises le'daan iyo axdiga. daabacaadda Gaarka ah ayaa sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin Secretary of State of Pope ka. Khatimidii Kaydinta ee Switzerland fuliyay in xafiiska ee Golaha Federaalka.

The daabacaadda ugu horeysay Ruush

Xusuuso hore ee saxaafadda ee Russia yihiin heshiisyada Svyatoslav iyo Igor la Gariigta ah. From dokumentiga 945, waxaan ka baranaynaa in safiirrada ay ahaayeen in la isticmaalo shaabadda oo dahab ah, iyo baayacmushtariyadii (guests) - lacag ah. Vladimir ee 1006 qorsheysay in ganacsiga xorta ah ee u dhexeeya baayacmushtariyaasha Ruush iyo Bulgaria. Waxa uu bixiyo iyo daabacaadda kale oo gaar ah oo calaamad u ah ogolaansho amiirka labadaba. Oo waxay u adeegeen sidii horyaalka ee baayacmushtariyaasha shahaadada.

qaybinta Press in Russia

xaq u leedahay in daabacaadda ugu horeysay oo keliya lahaa in Duke Grand ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, la kala qaybsanaanta on dhaxal Russia waxa ay sidoo kale ku fiday amiirradii. Daabacaadda horumarinta maamulka of our siyaada steel dalka u adeegaya dadka oo dhan. Amarrada iyo magaalooyinka ayaa sidoo kale iyaga leeyihiin. Of laba nooc ahaayeen daabacaadda princely: shakhsiga, gaarka ah (print-siddo) oo si rasmi ah dadweynaha. Ka dib markii tusaale ahaan ka mid ah boyars dhashay hore bilaabeen inay daabacaadda guriga. Waxay ahaayeen bir - lacag, iyo dahab, iyo waxay keeni sharraxnaan jirtay lacag ah, wax (huruud ah, madow, casaan iyo madow brown); voskomastichnye in sababta oo ah xoogga weyn ee wax la bedelay, daabacaadda dumin kara ama daamur (aad dhif u ah), iyo sidoo kale wax, kaas oo galay isticmaalka dhamaadka qarnigii XVII ah. Suuman mid ah midabo kala duwan - hemp, xariir iyo worsted - append daabacaadda biraha. Kale qadarin iyo mararka qaarkood waxaa qariyey warqad ammaanka weyn. Taas darteed, waxay u noqday kuwa loo yaqaan hoos shaabadihiisa Custodio.

Images on stamps ah

The daabacaadda princely ugu qadiimiga ah, ayaa noo yimid - lacagtii iyo dahabkii, oo dhinac keliya waxaa ka muujinayaa wejiga Masiixa, oo dhinaca kale ah - garaacid abeesadii Arhangela Mihaila. seal Tani priveshen charter siiyey Mstislav Vladimirovich (Prince) iyo Vsevolod (wiilkiisii). Waxaanay taariikhdeedu u back to 1125-1132 sano. Waxa intaa dheer in sawiradaan, in amiirradii ka dib shaabadood kulmi St. Nicholas, Alexander, iyo Simecoon, Ioann Predtecha, iyo kuwa kale. Sawiro Princes, Astaantooda kala duwan, iyo sidoo kale ku qorraa in uu yahay shaabadda amiir. Dad badan oo lagu daydo oo qaraami ah, waxaa ka mid ah shaabadihiisa qarniyo XIV-XV laga helay. sphragistics sayniska iyo maanta ayaa ku hawlan in ay cilmi-baarista. Waxay u muuqdaan inay ku soo qaaday Byzantium. On stamps kuwaas muujinayaan Muuqaallo mythological.

The ugu qadiimiga ah ee shaabadda magaalada, kuwaas oo na soo gaadhay, - Novgorod, la xiriira 1426. Waxay ahayd mid ku lifaaqan ee dukumiintiyada heshiiska of Novgorod iyo Tver Prince Borisom Aleksandrovichem. Waxaa gaysteen oo neef xayawaan ah madaxa faras ee, lugaha iyo libaax baadkiisa orodka la dabada ka soo sara kiciyey. Xadhig sida kelyaha loo arki karaa inta u dhaxaysa uu qoorta iyo madaxa. On dib waa ku qorraa, kaas oo u qornaa sidan: ". Seal ee Novgorod" In Novgorod ka dib shaabadood muujinayaa Panther ama Shabeel kursi ee tirada dumar ah, oo fadhiya gorgor double, Bear et al.

Pskov taariikh ahaan raaci Novgorod. Ugu da'da weyn oo ka mid ah taariikhda in 1510. Waxaa gaysteen shabeel ilaa dabada ordaya, oo carrabkiisiina waa joogtid oo haadeed fidsan. Qiyaastii daabacaadda Looxii: "Print Gospodarstwa Pskov". Dhisay qarniyo XV iyo XVI, magaalada ka Printer Dowladda helay. Waxaa inta badan ku darsato oo iyaga u beddeli. daabacaadda kala duwan ayaa loo isticmaalaa ilaa 1702, ka dibna - inta badan la gorgor double madax-.

Oo intaas oo dhammu kala duwan ee waxbarashada sphragistics gudaha maanta. Rafcaanka taariikhda ka caawisaa si ay u aqoonsadaan astaamaha sayniska this. sphragistics Ruush, gaar ahaan, waxay ka caawisaa in la fahmo horumarinta gobolka, taas oo ku siinayaa macluumaad muhiim ah sheekooyinka.