February 19, 1861. dibuhabaynta soo ridayeen ee Russia. baabiiyo of serfdom

inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Alexander II (1856-1881) hoos ugu tegey, taariikhda sida muddo ah "dib u habaynta weyn". Inta badan u ashtakooday mahad qaaday baabiiyo of serfdom in Russia ee 1861 - dhacdo taas, dabcan, waa ay guusha ugu weyn, taas oo uu door muhiim ah horumarka mustaqbalka ee gobolka.

baabiiyo DULUCDA of serfdom

In sano ee 1856-1857 tiro gobollada koonfurta ruxay xasillooni ridayeen, taas oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si deg deg ah yaraaday. Laakiin, habase yeeshee, waxay u adeegi jireen sida xusuusin ah si ay awoodda talada haya, in booska ay dadka caadiga ah, ee dhamaadka keeni kartaa in cawaaqib xun iyada.

Intaa waxaa dheer, serfdom hadda si weyn u dhac horumarka dalka. cadayn ah in shaqada lacag la'aan ah wax ku ool ah qasbay lagu muujiyey buuxa: Russia la taaban karo ee Ree ka dambeeya dalalka reer galbeedka iyo dhaqaalaha iyo gudbikaraa oo dhaqan-siyaasadeed. Tani waxay ku hanjabay xaqiiqda ah in image hore abuuray ee gobolka awood si fudud u milmi karaan, iyo dalka la dhaqaajin lahaa category ee yar yar. In aan ku xuso xaqiiqada ah in serfdom ahaa mid aad u la mid ah addoonsiga.

By dhamaadka 50s ee dadka 62 million ugu naxariista sayidyadooda ka badan saddex meelood oo meel ku noolaa. Russia degdeg loogu baahan yahay dib u habaynta ridayeen. 1861 waa in ay ahaataa sano ah isbedel weyn waa in ay qabtaan oo sidaas daraaddeed ma ay gilgilose aasaaskii dhismay -Raaxaysta- iyo dadkii ku abtirsan raajiyey meel adag. Sidaa darteed, habka of baabiiyo of serfdom u baahan yihiin falanqeyn iyo waxbarasho si taxaddar leh, oo tanuna waa ay sabab u tahay hay'adaha gobolka xasilooneyn ayaa dhibaato.

Tallaabooyinka loo baahan yahay isbeddelka mustaqbalka

baabiiyo of serfdom in Russia ee 1861 saameyn ba'an ku aasaaska muhiimka ah ee dalka ugu badan.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii ay Maraykanka ku nool dastuurka ka hor inta qaataan Isbadal qaar ka mid ah waa ay waxbarasho ee wasaaradaha iyo dooda in xukuumadda, ka dib markii taas oo dib u habaynta diyaar u ah mashaariicda la siiyo Baarlamaanka, raagtaa xukunka kama dambaysta ah, Ruush ama wasaaradaha ama jidhka oo wakiil aan la halkaas. Laakiin serfdom waxaa sharci ka ee heer gobolka. waxaa Cancel si iskeed ah Alexander II kari waayay, sida ay xadgudub ku noqon doono xuquuqda abtirsan jiray, taas oo ku salaysan -Raaxaysta-.

Sidaa darteed, in dalka si sare loogu qaado dib u habaynta ay ahayd in si ula kac ah loo abuuro unug gaar ah oo la baabiiyo of serfdom qabashada. Waxaa loo maleeyey in ay ka koobnaan doonaan hay'adaha abaabulan oo duurka ku, kuwaas oo soo jeediyey waa in la soo gudbiyaa oo la warshadeeyey ee golaha dhexe, kaas oo, markeeda, waxaa kormeeraya oo koontaroolaya by Boqortooyada.

Tan iyo markii, iftiinka isbedelka soo socda milkiileyaasha ugu ayaa waxaa laga badiyay, ka dibna Alexander II, xalka ugu fiican noqon lahayd, haddii hindisaha in la sii daayo qastaan ay ahayd arrin sharaf. Soon la joogo in jeestay kor.

"Qadarka Nazimova"

In bartamihii dayrta-1857, wuxuu yimid Petersburg General St. Vladimir Ivanovich Nazimov - Guddoomiyaha Lithuania, oo isaga la keenay warqad codsi ah oo ku saabsan bixinta xaq in ay, iyo taliyayaashii gobollada oo Kovno iyo Grodono siin serfs ay xoriyadooda, laakiin aan siinayn iyaga dalkii.

Iyada oo laga jawaabayo, Alexander II diray rescript a hagaajiyaa Nazimova (warqad gaar ah Imperial), taas oo waanin ee dadka dhulka leh deegaanka si ay u qabanqaabiyaan guddi goboleed. Ay hawl ahaa si ay u horumariyaan versions of iyaga u gaar ah mustaqbalka of dib u habaynta ridayeen ah. In warqadda boqorka iyo siiyey talooyin uu:

• Bixinta xorriyad buuxda oo serfs ah.
• All sirqoollada dalka waa sii mulkiilayaasha xafidaada lahaanshaha.
• Fullintu ku qastaan xoreeyay heli sirqoollada dalka ku xiran bixinta qaadhaanka xubinimada ama ka shaqeeya ka soo serfdom.
• In loo sahlo beeraleyda si ay u iibsadaan guryaha ay.

Soon rescript waxaa u muuqday in saxaafadda, taas oo dar dar geliyay in ay wada hadal guud ee su'aasha ah ee serfdom.

Dhisida Guddiyada

Early on ee 1857, Emperor ah, ka dib markii uu qorshaha, abuuray guddi qarsoodi ah oo ku saabsan su'aasha soo ridayeen ah, kuwaas oo si qarsoodi ah ku hawlan horumarinta dib u habaynta in la joojiyo serfdom. Laakiin oo kaliya ka dib markii a "rescript Nazimova" noqday dadweynaha, hay'adda kasbatay in xoog buuxa. Bishii Febraayo 1958, marka hore si ay u soo saarto sirta oo dhan, ka bedelayaan Guddiga Main ku saabsan arrimaha soo ridayeen, kaas oo madax u Prince AF Orlov.

Marka abuuray Guddiga Editorial, taas oo loo arko mashruuc oo ay soo gudbiyeen guddiga gobolka, iyo mar horeba ku salaysan xogta la ururiyey waxaa la abuuray version heer qaran ee dib u habaynta mustaqbalka.

Guddoomiyaha komishanka ayaa loo magacaabay xubin ka mid ah Gobolka Council General Yi Rostovtsev, kuwaas oo si buuxda u taageeray fikradda la baabiiyo of serfdom.

The is burinaya oo shuqulka samayn

In koorsada ee mashruuca guddiyada ugu weyn oo inta badan oo ka mid ah dadka dhulka leh gobolka aan is burinaya oo halis ah. Tusaale ahaan, milkiilayaasha guryaha ku adkeystay in Isfurtaan oo ka mid ah serfs la koobnayn oo kaliya in ay bixinta xorriyadda iyo dhulka kuwaas ka dambeeya loo dhawro karaa oo kaliya si amaah ah oo aan magdhow. Guddiga ayaa sidoo kale doonayay in la siiyo fursad ay ku iibsan Serf hore ee dalka, isagoo noqday milkiilaha buuxa.

In 1860 Rostovtsev dhiman, oo sidaas daraaddeed madaxa guddiga tifaftirka, Alexander II magacaabay Tirada VN Panin, kuwaas oo, kadis ah, waxaa loo arkaa in cadowga la joojiyo serfdom. In fuliyaha unquestioning doonistii boqornimada, oo uu ku qasbay si ay u dhamaystiraan mashruuca dib u habaynta.

Bishii Oktoobar ee group-qorista la dhameeyey. Total guddiyada gobolka siiyaa tixgelin ee la baabiiyo of serfdom 82 mashruuc, kaalinta by mugga 32 Muga daabacan. Natiijada shaqo adag ayaa loo soo gudbiyey si loogu tixgeliyo in Council ee Gobolka, iyo markii la qaatayba la soo bandhigay in boqorka cadeynayaa. Ka dib markii reading iyaga la saxiixay by Bayaanka ku haboon iyo xeerarkiisa. February 19, 1861 ay ahayd maalintii ugu rasmiga ah ee la baabiiyo of serfdom.

March 5 Alexander II shakhsi akhriyo waraaqaha dadka hortiisa.

Qodobada ugu muhiimsan ee bayaankan ku February 19, 1861

Qodobada ugu muhiimsan ee dokumentiga ahaayeen sida soo socota:

• Serfs ee boqortooyadiisa ka helay a xornimada shakhsiga dhamaystiran, waxay hadda waxaa loo yaqaan "dadka deggan dhulka miyiga ah oo lacag la'aan ah."
• Hadda waxa laga bilaabo (ie, February 19, 1861) serfs ayaa loo arkaa muwaadiniinta buuxa sharciga khuseeya ee dalka.
• Dhammaan hantida guurtada ah ee soo ridayeen ah, iyo sidoo kale guryaha iyo dhismayaasha aqoonsaday hantidooda.
• Waayo, dadka dhulka leh hayn xuquuqda si ay dalkoodii, laakiin waxay lahaayeen si ay u siiyaan beeralayda Homestead iyo sirqoollada beerta.
• Waayo, isticmaalka dhulka beerallayda ahaayeen in ay bixiyaan madax furasho ah sida mulkiilaha si toos ah ee dhulka iyo gobolka.

tanaasulka dib u habaynta loo baahan yahay

The isbedel cusub oo aan ka dhergin kari waayeen shuruudaha dhammaan saamileeyda. Waxay ahaayeen qanacsanayn isu qastaan. First of dhan marka la eego on kaas oo la siiyo dalka, kaas oo, nuxurka, waa habka ugu weyn ee jiritaanka. Sidaa darteed, dib u habaynta Alexander II ee, ama halkii, qaar ka mid ah qodobada ay tahay maqlana.

Sayidka, sida uu sheegay Bayaanka ka, dhulka oo dhan Russia abuurayaa size ugu badan iyo ugu yar ee la haystaa ay dalka per capita, ku xiran tahay sifooyinka dabiiciga ah iyo dhaqaale ee gobollada.

Waxaa loo maleeyey in haddii qaybtii ridayeen ahaa ka yar meel u dukumintiga, waxaa waajib mulkiilaha in lagu daro aagga maqan. Haddii la mid ah - oo waaweyn, on lid ku ah, ka gooyay xad-dhaaf ah iyo, sida caadiga ah, qaybta ugu fiican ee qaybtii.

The qoondeysnaa caadooyinka bixiyo

Bayaanka of February 19, 1861 jebiyey qaybta Yurub ee dalka on saddex dhafoorka: steppe ka, dhulka oo madow iyo Nonchernozem.

• Norma u qoondeysnaa qaybta steppe - lix iyo badh ilaa laba iyo toban acres.
• Norm ee aaga chernozem waa saddex ilaa afar acres iyo badh.
• Waayo, suunka non-chernozem - saddex iyo afar meelood meel sideed acres.

Inta dalka, meesha bilaabay in ay ku riday ka yar waxa uu ahaa ka hor inta isbedelka, si ay u habaynta ridayeen ee 1861 laga qaaday ee "la xoreeyey" in ka badan 20% ka mid ah dalka layaal.

Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jiray category ah serfs, kuwaas oo, guud ahaan, ma dhul ma aan heli. yard dadkan, yaroow kuwaas oo hore iska lahaa kuwii gobta ahaa oo dalka-gaajaysan, iyo warshado ka shaqeeya.

xaaladaha kala iibsiga dalka guriga

Sida laga soo xigtay dibuhabaynta on February 19, 1861, dalka waxaa la siiyey yaroow ma guriga, laakiin kaliya ay u isticmaalaan. Laakiin waxay fursad u helay inaan u soo iibsadaan ka milkiilaha, in uu yahay, in ay galaan waxa loogu yeero macaamil furasho. Si aad u barta isla ay tixgelisay ku meel gaar ah oo loo isticmaalo ee dalka lahaa in ay ka shaqeeyaan serfdom, taas oo ahayd wax ka badan 40 maalmood ee sanadka ragga iyo 30 - loogu tala galay dumarka. Ama inuu bixiyo Abaal Marintooda Sugan, taas oo caddadka ay la saaray ee ugu sareysa 8-12 rubles, iyo in magacaabidda canshuurta looga baahan yahay in ay qaataan galay bacriminta ciidda account. Xaaladdan oo kale, ku meel gaar ah xaq uma laha in ay kaliya quusan on dhul yar la siiyo, taas oo ah, serfdom weli lahayd in ay ka shaqeeyaan.

Ka dib markii macaamilka ganacsi furashada beeralay fulinta noqdo milkiilaha dhulka oo buuxa.

Oo aanay dawladdu ku sii ah oo aan waxba

On February 19, 1861, ay sabab u tahay Bayaanka ah, gobolka ayaa fursad ay ku buuxsama khasnaddii. item dakhliga waxaa la furay, sababtoo ah caanaha la isticmaalay si loo xisaabiyo tirada lacagta madaxfurashada.

Caddadka in beeralay ah lahaa in la sameeyo, waayo, dalka, ayaa u dhigmay caasimadda ah ee loo yaqaan shuruud, kaas oo la dhigay Bank State ee 6% sannadkii. Laakiin boqolkiiba, kuwaas oo u dhigantaa in dakhliga oo ayaa hore uga helay Abaal Marintooda Sugan mulkiilaha.

Taasi waa, haddii nin oday reer u lahaa mid ka sannaddii 10 rubles Abaal Marintooda Sugan, xisaabinta sida ay caanaha: 10 rubles in loo qeybiyay ilaa 6 (dulsaarka caasimada), ka dibna lagu dhuftay 100 (wadarta guud ee dulsaarka) - (10/6) x 100 = 166,7.

Sayidka, wadarta guud ee uruka lacag 166 rubles 70 kopeks - lacag "impossibly sare" for Serf ah oo hore. Laakiin halkan galaa xawaalad gobolka: beeralay ah ku bixiyay in mulkiilaha waqti isku mid ah oo kaliya 20% qiimaha la qiyaasay. hartay 80% uu ka yimaado ee gobolka, laakiin ma ahan oo keliya sidaas, iyo bixinta amaah muddo dheer la maturity ah 49 sano iyo 5 bilood.

Haddaba ridayeen uu lahaa in ay bixiyaan sannad kasta si Bank State 6% ka mid ah lacagta madaxfurashada. Waxaa soo baxay in xaddiga in Serf hore wuxuu lahaa in la sameeyo si ay u meel khasnadda ka sii badnayeen amaah saddex jeer. Dhab ahaantii, February 19, 1861 ahayd markii Serf hore, waxaa ka mid addoonsiga soo xulay, tan kale u dhaceen. Iyo iyadoo ay jirto in tirada lacagta madaxfurashada ka badan qiimaha suuqa ee qaybtii ah.

Natiijooyinka isbedel

Dibuhabaynta ayaa lagu ansixiyay February 19, 1861 (baabiiyo of serfdom), in kasta oo ay qabsoomi waayeen, boost a adag in dalka siiyey. xorriyadda la siiyay 23 milyan oo qof, taas oo keentay in isbadal weyn ee qaab-dhismeedka bulshada ee bulshada Ruush, iyo dheeraad ah loo aqoonsaday baahida loo qabo isbadal ah nidaam siyaasadeed oo dhan.

manifesto waqtigii la sii daayay February 19, 1861, taas oo xaaladaha keeni kara in dhaca halis ah, waxay ahayd arrin ku dhiirigelin ah horumarinta shuuciyad ee gobolka Ruush. Sayidka, tirtiridda serfdom, dabcan, waa mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka dhexe ee taariikhda dalka.