Iron ka steel aragga duwan yahay?

qofka Maloosvedomlonny arko in ugu weyn ee wax dhismaha ee maanta waa bir ah. Yaqaanna ogyahay in erayga "biraha" waxa loola jeedaa Alloys bir-carbon - bir iyo bir tuuray. Waxaa u muuqan lahaa in laba qalab aad u kala duwan oo aad u fudud in la kala saaro. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, la siiyey kala duwan ee noocyada iyo ka dhigan kala line wanaagsan ee Halabuurka kiimikada ah ee qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waa adag tahay in la ogaado. Waxaa muhiim ah in ay leeyihiin xirfadaha dheeraad ah si ay u ogaadaan jawaabta su'aasha ah: in steel bir badan oo kala duwan ku saaraan?

bir ah ku tuuray

Halabuurka daawaha An ku jiraan birta, carbon qadarkuu of 2,14-6,67, baaruud, fosfooraska, manganese, Silicon oo lagu daro kale, loo yaqaan birta doofaarka. Taariikhda dikhaw bilaabay in xilligii birta. wax muhiim ah oo dhismaha ah, biraha salka iyo steelmaking oo dhan.

Features:

1. Roughness isagoo midab cawlan oo matte ah.
2. MILMA at 1000-1600˚S ku xiran kooban (celcelis ahaan loogu talagalay warshadaha - 1000-1200˚S dhalaalisa birta doofaarka cad oo at heerkul ka sareeya).
3. Mugga 7200-7600 kg / m ^3.
4. kulaylka gaar ah: 540 J / (kgs).
5. engegnaantiinna High: 400-650NV.
6. ductility Low, aad u qadimeen markii sakhiray in ay cadaadis; qiimaha ugu sarreeya, waayo, muruqa ayaa ductile δ bir ductile = 6-12%.
7. xoog Low: 100-200 MPA for ductile miraheeda gaadho 300-370 MPA, ee fasalada qaar ka mid ah sare - 600-800 MPA.
8. Qaabeeyey by daaweyn kulaylka, laakiin marar dhif ah, iyo daryeel weyn, maadaama ay tahay dabeecadda u ah geeddi-socodka ah ee arrinkaas.
9. Doped isticmaalaya xubno ka kiimikada kaabayaal ah, laakiin heerka weyn oo dheeraad ah dawooyinkii adkaynaysaa geeddi socodka howsha.
10. Waxaa lagu gartaa weldability lagu qanci karo, machinability wanaagsan, guryaha loo shubay fiican. Shoqo iyo jediyay ma noqon karo.
11. Good iska caabin abrasion iyo iska caabin ah daxalka.

Iron - wax qaybo jidhka, unugyada, qaybaha mishiinka macmalay by ridaya. Waa qeyb weyn ka ah feedstock ee dikhaw steel.

steel

daawaha Iron-carbon ka kooban carbon qadarkuu aan ka badnayn 2.14%, iyo birta ah - aan ka yarayn 45%, bir ah waxa loo yaqaan. astaamaha ugu muhiimsan ee ay:

1. Siman, waxa ay leedahay midabka lacag la isdiyaarintiisana a kala ah.
2. MILMA gudahood 1450˚S.
3. cufnaanta wuxuu ka yimid xagga 7700 in 7900 kg / m ^3.
4. awoodda kulaylka The heerkulka qolka of 462 J / (kgs).
5. darantahay ingeega, Low, celcelis ahaan 120-250 HB.
6. plasticity sare: muruqa δ factor for noocyada kala duwan kala duwan gudahood 5-35% inta badan - δ≥20-40%.
7. The qiimaha celceliska ee xoogga siligga qalabka dhismaha ah - 300-450 MPA; waayo daawaha-xoog sare - 600-800 MPA.
8. guryaha Good kasteba in la saxo by kulaylka iyo himikotermicheskoy processing.
9. Si firfircoon doped waxyaabaha kala duwan ee kiimikada la ujeedada beddelo guryaha iyo ujeedada.
10. qaab tayo sare weldability, workability iyo cadaadiska jarida.
11. Lagu gartaa iska caabin ah daxalka hooseeyo.

Steel - a Alloys dhismaha weyn ee metallurgy casriga ah, injineernimada farsamada, instrumentation iyo technology.

Waxaan ogaado asal ahaan ka mid ah faahfaahinta nooca

Iyadoo loo arkaa sifooyinka faahfaahsan Alloys kuwan, waa ammaan in la isticmaalo aqoonta oo bir ah oo ka duwan birta. Wajahay wax bir ah, shaki ay asal ahaan, sida qumman si degdeg ah dib ugu yeeran guryaha farsamada soocayaa ugu weyn. Sidaas daraaddeed, birta tuuri - wax loo shubay ah. Sababta oo ah waxa soo saartaa saxan fudud, tuubooyinka adag, qafiska mashiinka, matoorrada, waxyaabaha waaweyn qaabeynta fudud. Qaybo bir ah oo dhan tirada iyo kakanaanta sameeyey, tan iyo this codsatay ildheer, jediyay, barbaro, diidanaa iyo hababka kale ee biraha cadaadiska shaqada. Sidaas darteed, haddii ay jirto su'aal ku saabsan asalka ah ee xoojinta aan shaki ku jirin - taasi waa bir. Haddii aad xiisaynayso in asalka ah ee cawsduur ololaya weyn - waa bir ah. Haddii aad u baahan tahay inaad ka sameeyey guryaha motor ama crankshaft ku bartaan - waa in door biday in ay fursado kale oo aqoonsi labada suurto gal.

sifooyinka Color iyo falanqaynta nuglaanta

Si aad u ogaato sida in la kala saaro bir ka bir isha, waxaad u baahan tahay in la xusuusto oo ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaha weyn ee muuqaalka ah. Waayo, a matte caadiga ah birta midab cawl iyo texture si adag dibadda. Steel lagu gartaa gaar ah oo iyada cado silvery cajiib ah oo roughness yar.

Sidoo kale aqoon muhiim ah oo ku saabsan sida in la kala saaro bir ka bir aragga, waa warbixin ku saabsan plasticity qalabkan. Haddii workpiece imtixaanka ama biraha shay aadan haysan qiimaha halis ah, waxaad iyaga isku dayi kartaa in xoog iyo ductility by codsanaya ciidanka duwanyihiin. bir jilicsan u qadimeen googooyaa, halka steel waa la doorinaynaa kaliya. In xamuulka ka sii daran in ay si toos ah burburiyo, chips wanaagsan birta laga helo qaabab kala duwan oo gogo 'oo steel - waaweyn, qaabeynta saxda ah.

Iska yaree iyo qoday

Sida loo kala saaro bir ka bir ah guriga? Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay ka helaan ciidda ganaax ama faaradda. Tan iyo steel leeyahay ductility sare, iyo chips ah waxa uu leeyahay dabeecad izvivisty. bir ah ku tuura sidoo kale Jeedaan marka qodista gooyn sameeyay jab gacmeed ay la socoto ciidda.

Waayo, ciid baad isticmaali kartaa file ama rasp iyo in yar oo qarkiisa ah si ay u wiiqaan xiiso faahfaahinta. The keentay faaradda ganaax si ay u eegaan dhow dahay ama sheet warqad cad. bir ah ku tuura ka kooban carbon in xaddi weyn oo ah qaab qanjira graphite. Sidaa darteed, marka xoqeen uu ciidda weli graphite madow "raad raac". The steels carbon isku waa xaalad xidhxidhan, si saameynta farsamoyaqaanka on ciidda ma siin natiijada la arki karo.

Si islawayni iyo dhimbiiluhu

Sida loo kala saaro bir ka bir? Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay ku shaqeeyaan qalabka lagama maarmaanka ah iyo sahay yar oo dulqaado.

Xaaladda hore, waxaad isticmaali karaan kuleylka, tusaale ahaan, la isticmaalayo blowtorch ah, labbisto hore ee dhar badbaadin gaar ah iyo xusayaan xeerarka ammaanka goobta shaqada. heerkulka waa in la kordhiyo ka hor bilowga barafka biraha. Waxa la sheegay in heerkulka barafku birta ka badan in of steel. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waxay ugu horrayn waxay khusaysaa cad iyo doofaarka bir ah. On oo dhan noocyada warshadaha - waxay ka kooban carbon qadarkuu aan ka badnayn 4.3% oo hore u dhalaalay at 1000-1200˚S. Sidaas darteed, waxaa suurtagal ah in dhalaali inta ka dhaqso.

Habka Cognitive si loo helo macluumaad ku saabsan birta ka duwan steel waa isticmaalka tijaabada tijaabo mashiinka ku shiidi doona, ama ah sander kala duwan oo ba'an. Falanqaynta qaadeen on sifooyinka dhimbiiluhu. Waayo, bir kabka waxa lagu gartaa dhimbiiluhu caajis casaan, iyo birta - dhalaalaya tiray rays la-galyadeena cad-jaalle ah oo gaaban.

sida ay codadka

feature xiiso leh waa sida in la kala saaro birta ka dhawaaqa steel. Labadan daawaha ka dhawaajiyaan kala duwan. Ma loo baahan yahay in ay soo saaraan raacidda ee muusikada ah oo ku saabsan goobaha tijaabo jira. Laakiin waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay labada tusaale ah ama soo maray dhagaysiga xaalkan. Steel uu leeyahay cufnaanta sare, taas oo saameyn ku xiinkeeda. Marka waxaa saameyn ku dhawaaqa wax bir ah wax badan oo sonorous badan isku xaalad bir.

Si aad u ogaato, birta ka duwan bir ah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay leeyihiin aqoonta qaar ka mid ah, kuwaas oo qalab iyo qaar ka mid ah waayo-aragnimo. Ka dib oo dhan, khibrad xirfadeed oo duurka ku ah oo ildheer, shiidi doona, axdi qarameedka, qoditaanka, jeestay, daaweynta kulaylka, ama alxanka, metallurgy ama farsamo si ay si fudud u kala saaro waxa u dhaxeeya, isagoo mahadiyay aragga oo kaliya ama by taabashada.