Walxaha neutrino: Qeexidda, guryaha, sharaxaad ku saabsan. oscillations neutrino - waxaa ...

Neutrino - walxaha hoose in aad uula mid tahay electron ah, laakiin waxa uu leeyahay lacag koronto. Waxay leedahay tiro aad u yar, oo xitaa waxaa laga yaabaa in eber. Laga soo bilaabo mass ee neutrino waxay ku xiran tahay xawaaraha. Farqiga wakhtiga imaanshaha iyo dogob walxaha waa 0,0006% (± 0,0012%). Sannadkii 2011, waxaa la sameeyay intii uu tijaabo Opera in xawaare ka badan xawaaraha neutrinos nuurka, laakiin ka madax banaan waayo-aragnimo this ayaa xaqiijiyay.

walxaha The baxsanaya

Tani waa mid ka mid ah qayb ka ugu badan ee caalamka. Tan waxaa macaamila aad u yar la arrinta, waa cajiib adagtahay in la ogaado. Electrons iyo neutrinos aadan ka qayb xoog nuclear xoog leh, laakiin si siman ka qayb kuwa itaalka daran. Qurub isagoo guryaha noocan ah waxaa loo yaqaan leptons. Waxa intaa dheer in electron (Sawirid iyo antiparticle), gudbiyo leptons muon eedeeyay (200 mass electron), Tau (3500 mass electron), oo ay antiparticle. Waxaa loo yaqaan: electron, muon iyo neutrinos Tau. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waxay leedahay qayb antimaterial, loo yaqaan antineutrino ah.

Muon iyo Tau, sida electron ah, waxay leeyihiin qayb ka socda. Waxaa muon iyo neutrinos Tau. Saddex nooc oo qayb ka duwan midba midka kale. Tusaale ahaan, marka neutrinos muon ula falgalaan bartilmaameedka, waxay had iyo jeer soo saaraan muons oo aan marnaba Tau ama electrons. In falcelinta ee qayb ka ah, inkasta oo electrons iyo neutrinos electron waxaa abuuray oo wada baabbi'isay, oo ay wadarta isma badelin. Dhab ahaantii Tani waxay keenaysaa in a leptons-soociddiisa galay saddex nooc, kuwaasoo mid walba uu leeyahay a leptons eedeeyay iyo neutrino socda.

Si lagu ogaado walxaha this loo baahan yahay qalabka aad u weyn oo aad u xasaasi ah. Sida caadiga ah, la neutrinos tamarta yar safri doono sanado badan fudeyd dhexgalka la arrinta. Sidaas awgeed, dhammaan tijaabooyinka dhulka iyaga la tiirsan cabbirka of jajab yar in macaamila diiwaan size macquul ah. Tusaale ahaan, in fiirinta neutrino a Sudbury, oo ka kooban 1,000 oo tan oo biyaha culus maraa dhaanta oo ku saabsan 1012 neutrinos qoraxda per labaad. Oo wuxuu helay maalintii kaliya 30.

History of daahfurka

Wolfgang Pauli horeysay WardheerNews.com, jiritaanka Qurub ee 1930. Waagaas, waxaa jiray dhibaato, maxaa yeelay waxa ay u muuqatay in tamar iyo dardar angular aan lagu kaydiyaa suuska beta ah. Laakiin Pauli tilmaamay in haddii ay jiraan lama timaada neutrinos lalana walxaha dhexdhexaad ah, ee sharciga ilaalinta tamarta la arkay doonaa. jirka Talyaaniga Enrico Fermi ee 1934 horumariyo aragtida ah ee beta suuska, oo waxay iyadii siisay magaca walxaha.

Inkastoo oo dhan saadaasha ah muddo 20 sano ah, neutrinos aan la experimentally ogaan karaa sababtoo ah halka ay dhexgalka daciif ah oo leh arrinta. Maxaa yeelay, qayb ka yihiin koronto ku amray, laakiinse iyagu uma dhaqmaan ciidamada electromagnetic, iyo, Sidaa darteed, iyagu ma keeni ionization oo ah walaxda. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay ka fal la walax kaliya iyada oo loo marayo isdhexgalka daciif xoog yar. Sidaa darteed, ay yihiin qayb ka subatomic ugu xeel dheer oo awood u marayay tiro badan oo atamka iyadoon dhibaato falcelin kasta. Kaliya 1 ilaa 10 bilyan oo ka mid ah qayb ka safraya iyada oo dhar ah by meel fog ka siman yihiin in ay dhexroorka Dhulka, sameynayso la protons ama neutron.

Ugu dambeyntii, 1956 koox ka mid ah physicists American, hogaaminayo Frederick Reines sheegay daahfurka ee antineutrino electron ah. In tijaabo u antineutrinos nuclear-nuclear radiated, ficil la proton ah, la xirrira neutrons iyo positrons. Gaar ah (oo dhif ah) oo saxiix tamarta doonana by-products ahaa caddaynta jiritaanka walxaha.

Furitaanka muons leptons eedeeyay ahaa biloowga aqoonsi xiga oo ka mid ah neutrinos nooca labaad - muon. Waxay aqoonsi lagu qaaday sanadkii 1962 oo ku saleysan natiijooyinka tijaabo ee xawaaraha walxaha a. High-tamarta neutrinos muons suuska sameeyey by pi-mesons iyo faray in ay qalabka si ay suurto gal ahayd in la baaro ay dareen-celin la walaxda. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in ay yihiin aan Waxyeelo, iyo sidoo kale noocyo kale oo ah qayb ka, waxaa la ogaaday in ay marar dhif ah marka ay fal la protons ama neutrons, muons, muons neutrinos, laakiin marnaba electrons. In 1998, physicists American Leon Lederman, Melvin Schwartz iyo Dzhek Shteynberger la siiyay abaalmarinta Nobel Prize in physics aqoonsi ee muon-neutrinos.

In bartamihii 1970-, physics neutrino ka helay nooc kale oo leptons eedeeyay - Tau. Tau-neutrino iyo Tau-antineutrinos ayaa la xiriira this lepton saddexaad soo oogay. In 2000, physicists at xawaaraha Qaranka Laboratory. sidaana waxa sheegay Enrico Fermi caddayn ugu horeysay ee tijaabo ah jiritaanka noocan ah qurubyada.

miisaanka

Dhammaan noocyada neutrinos leeyihiin mass, taas oo wax badan ka yar in ee lamaanahooda ku amray. Tusaale ahaan, tijaabo ayaa muujinaya in tiro ka mid ah electron-neutrino waa inuu ka yaraadaa 0,002% of mass electron iyo wadarta dadweynaha oo ka mid ah saddex kala duwan waa in ay ka yar tahay 0,48 eV. Fikirka sanado badan in mass ee walxaha waa eber, inkastoo ay jirto wax caddeyn afka baarkiisa ku kalifay, sababta waa in uu ahaado hab in. Markaas, 2002, ka Observatory Sudbury Neutrino helay cadaymo ugu horeysay si toos ah in electron neutrinos timaada by reactions nuclear ee muhimka ah ee qorraxda, inta ay u gudbin dhex, badasho nooc. Noocan oo kale ah "oscillations" neutrino suurto gal ah haddii mid ama ka badan qayb ka ah ay leeyihiin tiro yar. waxbarashada dhexgalka ee rays runtan in dhulka jawi sidoo kale tilmaamaya joogitaanka mass, laakiin waxaa loo baahan yahay tijaabo dheeraad ah si ay si sax ah u qeexaya.

ilo

ilaha dabiiciga ah ee neutrinos - suuska ah radioactive ah waxyaalaha dhulka, kaas oo la timaada at socodka badan oo yar tamarta electron-antineutrino gudahood. Supernovae waxaa sidoo kale advantageously neutrino ifafaale, tan iyo qayb geli karin, kuwaas oo wax hyperdense sameeyay xiddig burburto oo keliya; keliya qayb yar oo ka tamar ah waxaa loo baddalaa iftiinka. Xisaabaha ayaa muujinaya, in ilaa 2% ee tamarta qorraxda - neutrinos tamarta sameeyay reactions of thermonuclear isuga. Waxay u badan tahay in inta badan arrinta madow ee caalamka ka kooban yahay neutrinos soo saaray inta lagu guda jiro Bang Big ah.

dhibaatooyinka physics

Meelaha la xidhiidha neutrino UCLA, oo kala duwan oo si degdeg ah guuxayay. arrimaha hadda soo jiidan tiro badan oo ah dadaalka tijaabo ah oo afka baarkiisa, kuwa soo socda:

• Maxay yihiin tacsida neutrino kala duwan?
• Sidee bay saameyn cosmology, Bang Big ah?
• waxay baayici karo?
• hal nooc oo neutrino jirsado Can kale sida ay ku safraan arrinta iyo meel?
• Ma neutrinos aasaas ahaan ka duwan antiparticles ay?
• Sidee in xiddiga dumaan si ay u sameeyaan supernovaer ah?
• Waa maxay doorka neutrinos ee cosmology?

Mid ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka dheer oo xiiso gaar ah waa dhibaato neutrino qoraxda waxa loogu yeero. Magaca Tani waxa ay tilmaamaysaa in xaqiiqda ah in inta lagu guda jiro dhowr tijaabo jidhadhka dhulka ay qabatay in ka badan 30 sano ee la soo dhaafay, had iyo goorba u dhawraan qayb ka yar tahay lagama maarmaan in uu soo saaro tamarta radiated by qorraxda. Hal xal oo macquul ah waa oscillation ah, ie. E. Isbadal ee neutrinos electron in muon ama Tau inta lagu jiro safarka ay ku tagayaan Earth. Sidaas intee ka badan ayaa ay adag tahay in loo qiyaaso muon low-tamar ama neutrinos Tau, noocan oo kale ah isbeddel sharxi doono sababta aynaan arkin xaddiga saxda ah ee Qurub on Earth.

Tan afraad Nobel Prize

Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 lagu abaalmariyey in Takaaki Kaji iyo Arthur MacDonald for ogaanshaha of mass neutrino ah. Tani waxa ay ahayd abaalmarinta afaraad la mid ah ee la xidhiidha cabir tijaabo qayb ka ah kuwan. Qof waxaa laga yaabaa xiiso su'aasha ah waa sababta aan u daryeeli wax badan oo ku saabsan wax kali ah ula falgalaan arrin caadi ah.

Xaqiiqada ah in aan lagu ogaan karo qayb ka raaxaystaan, waxa ay markhaati u xariif aadanaha. Tan iyo xeerarka Farsamoyaqaan galmada, probabilistic, waxaynu og nahay in, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in ku dhowaad dhammaan of neutrinos dhex maraya Dhulka, qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waxaa la falgalaan doonaa. baare waxay awood u ku filan size waaweyn waxaa ka diiwaan gashan.

Qalabka wuxuu marka hore sida la dhisay si demoqaraadiyad ah, oo qoto dheer in miino ee South Dakota. usheeda dhexe waxaa ka buuxsamay ee dareeraha nadiifinta L 400 kun.. Celcelis ahaan neutrino mid walxaha maalin walba ula dhaqmo eb ee chlorine, u beddelaya galay argon. Cajiib ah, Raymond Davis, kuwaas oo mas'uul ka ahaa baare ah, been abuurtay hab for ogaanshaha ee atamka argon badan, oo afartan sanadood ka dib, sannadkii 2002, waayo, taasu feat cajiib ah injineernimada uu guddoonsiiyey abaalmarinta Nobel Prize.

xiddigaha cusub

Maxaa yeelay, neutrinos falgalaan si imaanshada, waxay u safri karaan masaafo weyn. Waxay noo siin bidhaamaysa uu gelin meel in haddii kale waxaan lahaa marna ku arkay. Neutrinos ogaado Davis, la aasaasay oo sabab u ah falcelin nuclear ka dhacay wadnaha ee qorraxda, oo ay awoodaan inay ka baxaan this kursiga cajiib ah oo cufan oo kulul oo kaliya sababtoo ah ma ula falgalaan arrin kale. Waxaad xitaa ogaan karaa neutrinos xarunta of Xiddig qarxay timaada fogaan ah in ka badan boqol kun oo sano oo iftiin ah ka Earth.

Intaa waxaa dheer, qayb waxay ka dhigi waxaa suurto gal ah inay dhawraan caalamka in ay qiyaasta aad u yar, wax badan oo ka yar kuwa kaas oo eegi karin Hadron ku Collider Large ee Geneva, helay boson Higgs. Waa sababtaa tan aan Guddiga Nobel ay go'aansatay in abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee helitaanka neutrino ee nooc kale.

yaraanta dahsoon

Marka Ray Davis arkay neutrinos qoraxda, wuxuu ka helay oo kaliya saddex meelood meel tirada la filayo. physicists badankoodu waxay aaminsan yihiin in sababta waayo, kanu waa aqoonta saboolka ah ee jaamacadaha UCLA of The Sun: laga yaabee iftiimisay model geyi-quudhsan lacagta soo saaray in ay neutrino. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, oo sannado badan, xataa ka dib markii lagu daydo qoraxda ku soo hagaagtay, hoos u dhaca ku hadhay. Physicists bixisay dareenka laga yaabo in kale, dhibaatada la xiriirta laga yaabaa in aragtida qayb kuwaas our. Sida laga soo xigtay aragtida ah, ka dibna ka adkaaday, iyagu ma ay leeyihiin oo miisaankiisu yahay. Laakiin physicists qaar ka mid ah ayaa ku dooday in dhab ahaantii qayb ka leeyihiin mass ah infinitesimal, iyo mass this ahayd sababta ay la'aanta.

Saddex-Faced walxaha

Sida laga soo xigtay aragtida ah ee oscillations neutrino, ee dabiiciga ah, waxaa jira saddex nooc oo kala duwan oo ka mid ah. Haddii walxaha uu leeyahay tiro, in sida ku dhaqaaqdo waxaa ka mid ah nooca in kale u gudbin karaan. Saddex nooc - electrons, muons iyo Tau - dhexgalka la walaxda loo rogi karaa si u dhiganta walxaha ku amray (electron iyo Tau muon leptons). "Oscillation" waxaa sabab u ah Farsamoyaqaan galmada. nooca neutrino ma aha joogto ah. Waxaa badala muddo. Neutrinos, taas oo bilaabay jiritaankeeda sida e-mail, oo dib u noqda karaa muon ah, ka dibna. Sayidka, walxaha a, aasaasay in muhimka ah ee qorraxda, jidkay qaadeen inay ku Earth la xilliyo gaar roggi karaa neutrinos muon iyo qeybsanaan ku xigeenka. Tan iyo markii Davis qalabka lagu ogaado yaabaa electron-neutrinos oo kaliya, taas oo keeni karta in transmutation a nuclear ah chlorine in argon, waxaa u muuqday suurto gal ah in neutrino maqan beddelay nooc kale. (Waxaa soo baxday in neutrinos lagu baayici karo gudaha Sun ah, iyo ma on habka ay u Dhulka).

Tijaabada Canadian

Sida kaliya ee tan tijaabin jiray si ay u abuuraan baare in shaqeeyey oo dhan saddex nooc oo neutrinos. Laga bilaabo 90s ee Arthur McDonald Jaamacadda Queen ee Ontario, wuxuu qabtay oo kaxeeyey kooxda, kaas oo la fuliyaa laga qodo ee Sudbury, Ontario. Rakibaadda ku jira tan oo biyaha culus, la siiyo amaah ah by Dowladda Kanada. biyaha culus waa dhif, laakiin qaab dabiici ah ka dhaca oo biyo ah, kuna waari dhexdeeda hydrogen ay ku jiraan mid ka mid proton waxaa lagu bedelaa ay deuterium isotope culus, oo ka kooban proton iyo neutron ah. Dowladda Canada keensadeen biyaha culus, m. K. Waxa loo isticmaalaa sida coolant ah in nuclear-ka nuclear. Dhammaan saddex nooc oo neutrinos Baabi'in deuterium si ay u sameeyaan protons iyo neutrons, ka neutrons ka dibna lagu tiriyaa. Qalabka diiwaan gashan oo ku saabsan saddex jeer tirada la Davis marka la barbar dhigo - dhab ahaan lacagta sida ugu fiican u saadaaliyay ku dayashada Sun. Tani waxay soo jeedinaysaa in electron-neutrinos lagu baayici karo noocyada ay kale.

tijaabada Japanese

Ilaa waqti isku mid ah, Takaaki Kadzita oo ka tirsan jaamacadda Tokyo sameeyay tijaabo kale oo cajiib ah. qalabka A dhajinta in usheeda dhexe ee Japan diiwaan neutrinos aan ka gudaha qorrax soo socda, oo ka jawiga sare. In shilalka proton ee rays runtan la jawi loo sameeyay roob qayb kale, oo ay ku jiraan neutrinos muon. In anigaa iska leh ay diinta nuclei hydrogen in muons. Qalabka Kadzity arki karin Qurub laba jiho soo socda. Qaar ka mid ah xagga sare ka soo dhacay, ka yimid jawiga, halka kuwo kale ay ka hooseysa dhaqaaqin. Tirada qurubyada ahaa kala duwan, in la hadlay oo ku saabsan nooca kala duwan - ay ahaayeen at dhibcood kala duwan ee wareegga oscillatory ay.

Revolution Sayniska

Waa dhan oscillations qalaad oo la yaab leh, laakiin sababta neutrino iyo mass soo jiitaan dareenka aad u badan? Sababta waa mid fudud. In model caadiga ah ee physics walxaha hoose, horumariyo ka badan konton sanno ee ugu danbeysay ee qarnigii labaatanaad, oo si sax ah u qeexayaa oo dhan galku kale ee Sheelare oo tijaabo kale, neutrinos waxay ahaayeen in ay massless. helitaanka mass neutrino muujinaysaa in wax ka maqan yihiin. Standard Model The ma dhamma. xubno weli la helay maqan - iyadoo la kaashanayo Hadron ku Collider Large ama kan kale, ayaa weli ma abuuray mashiinka dalwaddii.