Ion daaqaddii crystal

Adkaha ka jira crystalline iyo amorphous oo la doorbidayo leeyihiin qaab-dhismeedka crystalline ah. Waxaa ka duwan goobta saxda ah ee qayb ka ah ee dhibcood si hufan loo qeexay, lagu gartaa xoogeystay wareegsan ee volumetric, meel saddex-geesood ah. Haddii maskax ahaan in ay ku xidhmaan dhibcood, kuwaas oo la isku xigta - heli jir meel, oo la yidhaahdo daaqaddii crystal ah. Erayga "daaqaddii crystalline" waxaa loola jeedaa nidaam joomateri kaas oo kuu sharaxaya periodicity saddex geesood ah ku gelinayn taagoo (atamka, udhigo) ee degaanka baraf.

Qurub yeedhay dhibcood goobta qanjidhada daaqaddii. Inside jir tahay xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya Guntin. Nooca iyo nooca therebetween isgaarsiinta Qurub: taagoo, atamka, udhigo - go'aaminayo nooca daaqaddii crystal. Guud ahaan waxaa jira afar ka mid ah noocyada soo socda: Madbacada qaranka, qaaradda, kelli iyo biraha.

Haddii dhibcood daaqaddii diyaarin udhigo (qurubyada la kharash taban ama togan), taas daaqaddii crystal ra'iyi, lagu gartaa xiriir ah magac la mid ah.

links Kuwani waa mid aad u xoog badan oo xasiloon. Sayidka, wakiilada la noocan ah ee qaab-dhismeedka leeyihiin qalbi engegnaantooda ku filan sare iyo cufnaanta, non-kacsan iyo madax adkaadeen. At-kul hoose, waxay u dhaqmaan sida insulators. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku dul barafku xeryahooda sida jebiyey geometrically sax daaqaddii crystal ra'iyi (udhigo goobta) oo la xidhiidha xoog hoos.

At heerkul ah ayaa ku dhow inay heerkulka barafku kiristaalo la bonds Madbacada qaranka ee horay ay awoodaan in ay qaadaan hadda korontada. xeryahooda Kuwaasi waa diyaar milma biyaha iyo kale oo cabitaanno ah, kuwaas oo ka kooban ee u taagoo kala horjeeda.

Ion sifo daaqaddii crystal dhammaan walxaha la bonds Madbacada qaranka - cusbada, hydroxides biraha, biraha xeryahooda binary la nonmetals. bond Madbacada qaranka uusan haysan directivity in meel maxaa yeelay ra'iyi kasta waxa uu la xidhiidhaa dhawr udhigo counter, ciidanka ee dhexgalka ku xiran tahay masaafada u dhexeeya iyaga (sharciga Coulomb ee). xeryahooda Ion la xiriira-leeyihiin qaab-dhismeedka aan kelli, iyagu waa adkaha la lattices Madbacada qaranka, heer sare ah oo kala horjeeda, barafku sare iyo dhibcood karaya, in xal aqueous, waa koronto tabinta. Xeryahooda la bonds Madbacada qaranka ee ay foomka saafi ah waxaa ku dhowaad ma aanan helin.

Ion sifo daaqaddii crystal of qaar ka mid ah oxides caadiga ah iyo hydroxides biraha, cusbada, i.e., Muqaadaraadka la Madbacada qaranka bond kiimikada.

Intaa waxaa dheer in ay jiraan silsilado ah oo bond, macdan, kelli iyo covalent Madbacada qaranka ee baraf.

Kiristaalo isagoo bond covalent ah, waa semiconductors ama insulators. Tusaale ahaan of kiristaalo qaaradda yihiin diamond, Silicon iyo germanium.

Diamond - macdanta habeyn cubic allotropic (form) ee carbon. daaqaddii crystal dheemman - nuclear, mid aad u adag. The qanjidhada ah ee noocan oo kale ah atamka daaqaddii waxaa isku xidhan by silsilado aad u xoog covalent. Diamond ka kooban yahay atamka carbon oo kala duwan oo ku yaalla mid ka mid ah xarunta of tetrahedron ah, kuwaas oo geesaha waa la eb dhow afar. daaqaddii noocan oo kale ah waxa lagu gartaa gacanta unit FCC, taasoo keentay in qalbi engegnaantooda aawadeed ugu badan ee diamond iyo barta barafku xad sare. In ka qaylisay oo diamond waxaa u taagoo no - iyo baraf aad loo arki karaa mid Britain araggiisu.

Intaa waxaa dheer, ee daaqaddii crystal qaaradda caan ku Silicon, boron adag, germanium iyo xeryahooda xubno gaar ah oo leh Silicon iyo carbon (silica, quartz, Miikaa, ciid webiga, carbide Silicon). Guud ahaan, wakiillo ka mid ah cunnooyinka adkaha crystalline la daaqaddii qaaradda ay yihiin kuwo yar.