Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Nobel Prize in Chemistry ayaa loo dhigay tan iyo 1901. Its guusha kowaad wuxuu ahaa Yacquub van't Hoff. saynisyahan Tani waxay heshay abaalmarinta ah ee shuruucda dhaqdhaqaaqa cadaadis iyo kiimikada osmotic, iyaga furo. Dabcan, guuleysatay oo dhan aan la sheegi karin hal article a. Waxaan ka hadli doonaa ugu caansan, iyo sidoo kale kuwii la guddoonsiiyey abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee kimistari in dhowrkii sano ee la soo dhaafay.

Ernest Rutherford

Mid ka mid ah farmashiye ugu caansan waa Ernest Rutherford. Nobel Prize in uu helay 1908 waxbarasho ee xubno burbur walxaha shucaaca ah. Years nolosha cilmiga ah - 1871-1937. Tani waa farmashiyaha ah Ingiriisi iyo jirka, ku dhashay New Zealand. Sababtoo ah halka ay guusha inta lagu guda jiro tababarka ee Nelson College, wuxuu helay deeq waxbarasho ah oo loo ogol yahay isaga u safraan Christchurch, New Zealand City, halkaasoo College Canterbury ah. In 1894, Rutherford noqday BSc. Muddo ka dib, saynisyahan waxaa la guddoonsiiyey deeq waxbarasho ka tirsan jaamacadda Cambridge waa kan England oo u guuray dalka.

In 1898, Rutherford waxay bilaabeen inay fuliyaan tijaabooyin muhiim ah oo ku lug leh shucaaca radioactive uranium. Muddo ka dib, ay yihiin laba ka mid ah nooca laga helay: rays Alfa iyo rays beta. gelin The ugu horeysay oo keliya masaafo yar, iyo tan labaad - si aad u weyn. Muddo ka dib, Rutherford ogaaday in thorium shanqarta ah wax soo saarka gaseous radioactive gaar ah. Markaasuu wuxuu u yeedhay this ifafaale ah "burqadaan" (hawada).

Baaritaan cusub ayaa muujisay in actinium iyo burqadaan radium sidoo kale la sameeyaa. Rutherford ku salaysan daahfurtay waxa ay ka dhigtay inay gunaanad muhiim u yimid. Wuxuu ogaaday in Alfa iyo beta rays dhaadheer dhammaan qaybaha shucaaca. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, ay shucaaca hoos muddo waqti go'an ka dib. Iyada oo ku saleysan natiijooyinka kuwaas oo ay suurto gal ahayd in la sameeyo malo muhiim ah. Dhammaan sayniska yaqaan xubno shucaaca sida gabagabeeyay saynisyahan ah, qayb ka mid ah qoyska mid ka mid ah atamka, iyo hoos u dhac ah ee shucaaca loo qaadan karaa sida ku saleysan oo ay kala soocidda.

Mariya Kyuri (Curie)

gabadhii ugu horeysay oo la guddoonsiiyey abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee kimistari, wuxuu noqday Mariya Kyuri. Waxaa muhiim ah in ay dhacdo sayniska ka dhacay 1911. Nobel Prize in Chemistry waxaa la guddoonsiiyey iyada u daahfurka Polonium oo radium go'doomin ee radium iyo daraasadda of xidhiidhada iyo nooca element ee la soo dhaafay. Maria ayaa ku dhashay dalka Poland, markii qaar ka mid ah ka dib u dhaqaaqay France. Years of nolosheeda - 1867-1934. Curie noqday goolkii guusha ee Nobel Prize, ma aha oo kaliya in kiimikada, laakiin sidoo kale in physics (1903, si wadajir ah ula Pierre Curie iyo Anri Bekkerelem).

Marii Kyuri lahaa inuu wajaho xaqiiqada ah in haween ay iyada mar ku dhawaatay in la xiray jidka sayniska. At Jaamacadda Warsaw uma qaadan. Intaa waxaa dheer, qoyska Curie ee waxay ahayd mid liidata. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Mary ahaa awoodaan si ay u helaan waxbarashada sare ee Paris.

guulaha Major Marii Kyuri

Anri Bekkerel helay in 1896 in xeryahooda uranium dhaadheer shucaaca waa in ay awoodaan in ay si qoto dheer u gelin. Shucaaca Becquerel, ka duwan furan V. Roentgen in 1895 sano, waxaa jiray sabab u ah excitation ka il dibadda qaar ka mid ah. Waxa ay ahayd hanti ah uranium gudaha. Mary xiiseynaya in this ifafaale. Bilowga ee 1898 waxay bilowday in ay ka barato. Cilmi isku dayay si loo ogaado haddii ay jiraan waxyaabo kale in ay leeyihiin awood u leh inay dhaadheer rays, kuwaas oo. Bishii December 1898, Pierre iyo Mariya Kyuri helay laba cunsur cusub. Waxay ahaayeen yeedhay radium iyo polonium (ka dib markii hooyo Marie ee Poland). Taasi waxaa xigay shaqada ay go'doomin iyo waxbarasho ee guryaha ay. In 1910, wada jir ah ula André Marie Debirnom aqoonsaday radium macdan ah ee ay foomka saafi ah. Oo sidaas ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey 12 sano ka hor bilowday taxane ah oo baaritaan.

Laynus Karl Poling

Ninkanu waa mid ka mid ah ay farmashiye ugu weyn. Nobel Prize in uu helay 1954 waxbarasho ee dabiiciga ah ee bond kiimikada, iyo sidoo kale in ay codsiga si loo ogaado qaab dhismeedka xeryahooda ah.

sano nolosha Pauling ee - 1901-1994. Waxa uu ku dhashay dalka Mareykanka ee United, Oregon (Portland). Sida cilmi baare Pauling ayaa muddo dheer bartay X-ray crystallography ah. Waxa uu la yaabay, sida rays iyada oo loo marayo crystal gudbayaa, oo halkaas waa qaab dabeecad. On tiradaasi waxaa go'aan ka gaari kara qaab dhismeedka qaaradda oo ah walaxda. Marka la samaynayo dariiqadan, saynisyahano baranayso nooca bonds ee benzene iyo xarumaha kale ee udgoon.

In 1928 godu Pauling abuuray hybridization aragti (resonance) lagala kulmo kiimikada in dhacdaa xeryahooda leedahay beduliyum. In 1934, saynisyahan a jeestay fiiro gaar ah u Kiimikada noole ah, gaar ahaan Kiimikada noole protein. Wada jir ah ula Alexander Mirsky ayuu ka abuuray aragtida ah ee qaab-dhismeedka shaqo iyo protein. Wada jir ah ula Ch Corwell saynisyahan this dersayay saamaynta ogsiijinka (oxygen) on sifooyinka magnetic of hemoglobin protein ah. In 1942, cilmi aysan awoodin in ay bedesho qaabka kiimikada ee globulin (borotiinka dhiigga ku). In 1951 godu Pauling la R. Corey daabacay shaqo u huray in qaab dhismeedka kelli borotiinada. Waa natiijada shaqada, kaas oo socday muddo 14 sano ah. Isticmaalka X-ray crystallography inaad wax ka barato borotiino ku jira muruq, timaha, timaha, ciddiyaha iyo unugyada kale, saynisyahano ku sameeyey daahfurka muhiim ah. Waxay ogaadeen in silsilado protein ah ee acids amino ku qaloocdo galay muquuninta ah. Waxa ay ahayd ka hor weyn ee Kiimikada noole.

S. Hinshelwood iyo Semenov

laga yaabaa in aad rabto in aad ogaato haddii uu jiro a Nobel Prize Ruush ee Chemistry. Inkastoo qaar ka mid ah isku wadanka yihiin our ayaa u sharaxan abaalmarintan, Semenov oo kaliya u helay. Wada jir ah ula Hinshelwood uu siiyay abaalmarinta waxbarasho ee hab ay of falgalka kiimikada ee 1956.

Hinshelwood - saynisyahan British (sannadood nolosha - 1897-1967). Shuqullada ugu weyn ee uu la xiriira daraasadda of falcelinta silsilad. Waxa uu baarayaa isku dayo ah oo dhqaalaha, iyo sidoo kale hab ay of falcelinta noocan ah.

Semenov Nikolai Nikolaevich (sannadaha cimrigaaguna - 1896-1986) - farmashiyaha Ruush iyo jirka asal ahaan kasoo jeeda magaalada Saratov. Dhibaatadu waxay marka hore cilmiyeed isaga xiiseynaya, wuxuu ahaa gaasas ionized. saynisyahan The, weli arday jaamacadeed, ku qoray article ugu horeeyay ee ku saabsan shilalka ka dhexeeya Moleekuleyaasha iyo electrons. Muddo ka dib ayuu bilaabay inuu si ka qoto dheer baran habka of recombination iyo dissociation. Waxaa intaa dheer, wuxuu noqday xiiso dhinacyada kala duwan ee uumiga kelli iyo adsorption ah uumiga ka dhaca dushiisa adag. Studies qaadeen iyaga ka suurto gal ah si aad u ogaato xiriirka ka dhexeeya heerkulka dusha at kaas oo uumiga ah waa la fuliyay, iyo cufnaanta ee uumi. In 1934, saynisyahan ayaa lagu daabacay warqad ah taas oo muujisay in noocyo kala duwan oo dareen diidmo, oo ay ku jiraan polymerization, wadi by farsamo ama reactions silsilad jahaysteen.

Robert Burns Woodward

Dhamaan guuleystay abaalmarinta Nobel Prize in chemistry ayaa kaalin weyn in ay sayniska, laakiin R. Woodward taagan ka dhex bixiyo iyaga. guulaha waa mid aad u muhiim ah maanta. saynisyahan Tani waxaa la guddoonsiiyey abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee 1965. Waxa uu u helay inuu gacan ka berrinkii Avv organic. Years nolosha Robert - 1917-1979. Waxa uu ku dhashay dalka Maraykanka, magaalada Maraykanka ee Boston, oo ku yaalla Massachusetts.

Waxa ugu horeysay ee berrinkii chemistry Woodward go'an intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Adduunka Labaad, markii uu ahaa "Polaroid Corporation" la taliye shirkadda. Maxaa yeelay, dagaalka waxa aan ahaa quinine ku filan. Tani daroogada anti-duumada in sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in soo saaridda gashto. Woodward iyo W. Doering, saaxiibkii, isagoo qalab sahlan loo heli karo iyo qalabka caadiga ah mar hore ka dib 14 bilood oo shaqo ah ku qaadeen ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee quinine.

3 sano ka dib, wada jir ah ula Schramm, saynisyahan this ayaa abuuray analoogga protein ah by biiray silsilad dheer cutubyo amino acid. The polypeptides helay iyadoo ay sabab u this, ayaa loo isticmaalay in wax soo saarka ee antibiotics iyo bacyaal dardaro. Intaa waxaa dheer, iyadoo ay gargaar, waxay bilaabeen inay la bartay-shiid borotiinka. Woodward ee 1951 bilaabeen shaqeeya on ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee steroids. Ka mid ah xeryahooda ka helay ahaayeen lanosterol, chlorophyll, reserpine, lysergic acid, vitamin B12, colchicine, F2a prostaglandin. Ka dibna, dad badan oo xeryahooda ka diyaariyey isaga iyo xubno ka mid ah Institute "Ciba Corporation", kuwaas oo ah agaasimaha uu ahaa by, waxay bilaabeen inay in la isticmaalo in industry ee. Nefalosporin C ahaa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu muhiimsan. antibiotic An sida penicillin, kaasi oo loo adeegsaday cudurada ay keento bakteeriyada.

Our liiska magacyada saynisyahano, waxaa lagu abaalmariyey in qarniga 21aad, Nobel Prize in chemistry la dhammaystirayaa doonaa, in tobankii sano ee labaad.

A. Suzuki, Negishi E., R. danbayntii

cilmi ka mid ah ayaa la siiyaa horumarinta habab cusub oo interconnecting atamka carbon ah si ay u dhisaan taagoo adag. Waxay la siiyay abaalmarinta Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010. Danbayntii, iyo Negishi - Americans, iyo Akira Suzuki - muwaadin u dhashay Japan. Hadafkoodu wuxuu ahaa abuurista taagoo organic adag. In iskuulka waxaan ka baranaynaa in ay xeryahooda organic ka kooban yihiin atamka carbon in ay u sameeyaan lafaha ee Britain ayaa ku. Waayo, dhibaato waqti dheer saynisyahano ahaa in atamka carbon waa adag tahay in lagu biiriyo atamka kale. account Hannaan, ee palladium sameeyey, u suurtagashay in ay u xaliyaan dhibaatada this. Under tallaabada ee Hannaan atamka carbon bir ah ula falgalaan midba midka kale si ay u sameeyaan qaab-dhismeedka dabiiciga ah oo adag. Nidaamkan waa mid yihiin bartay iyo Nobel Prize Chemistry sanadkan. Ku dhawaad mar, falcelinta waxaa fuliyey, loo magacaabay in sharaf of saynisyahano ah.

R. Lefkowitz, M. Karplus, B. Kobilka

Lefkowitz (sawirka), Kobilka iyo Karplus - taasi oo ku guulaystay Nobel Prize ee Chemistry ee 2012. Abaalmarintan tegey saddex cilmibaadhe oo waxbarasho ee ku xidhay G-protein receptors ku xidhay. Robert Lefkowitz - muwaadin Maraykan ah oo dhashay April 15, 1943 qayb ka ugu weyn ee uu shaqada cilmi waa bioreceptors oo gooni loo sooco oo u beddesho calaamadaha ay. Lefkowitz muuqaalada functional tilmaamay si faahfaahsan, qaabka iyo isku xigxiga ee receptors β-adrenergic iyo nooca 2aad ee borotiinada sharciyeed: β-arrestin iyo GRK-tyrosinkinashämmare. Tani saynisyahan 1980 iyo asxaabta fuliyay cloning of hiddo mas'uulka ka ah hawlgalka receptor β-adrenergic.

B. Kobilka - waxay ka timaaddaa Maraykanka. Waxa uu ku dhashay magaalada Little Falls (Minnesota). Ka dib markii qalin-jabinta wuxuu iyada oo ay kormeerayaan cilmibaadhe Lefkowitz shaqeeyay.

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012 waxaa lagu abaalmariyey M. Karplus. Waxa uu ku dhashay magaalada Vienna ee 1930. Karplus ka qoys Yuhuud ah, kuwaas oo lahaa inuu u dhaqaaqo Mareykanka in ay ka baxsadaan cadaadis ka naasiga u yimid. meesha ugu weyn ee cilmi-baarista ee cilmiga noqday spectroscopy a magnetic nuclear, chemistry galmada iyo kinetics ah hababka kiimikada.

M. Karplus, M. Levitt, A. Uorshel

Haddaba aynu u noqon oo ku abaalmarinahaas ee Prize ee 2013. Seynisyahanno Karplus (hoos ku sawiran), Uorshel Levitt iyo u helay ka dambeeya nooc ka mid ah nidaamka kiimikada adag.

M. Levitt ku dhashay Koonfur Afrika ee 1947. Marka uu ahaa 16 sano jir, qoyska Michael ayaa u dhaqaaqay UK. In London, uu ku qoran 1967 at College Royal ka dibna waxbarashadiisa ka sii watay Jaamacadda Cambridge. Shuqulkiisa at Biology Laboratory of kelli ah ee Jaamacadda ee la xidhiidha abuurista lagu daydo ee dhismayaasha saddex dhinac-cabbir ah tRNA. Michael waa mid ka mid ah aasaasayaasha hababka Tusaale computer iyo barashada qaababka kala duwan ee u taagoo protein (inta borotiinka).

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013 lagu abaalmariyey in Ari sidoo kale Uorshelu. Waxa uu ku dhashay Falastiin ee 1940. In 1958-62 GG. isna wuxuu u adeegay in taliyuhu uu kabtanka in Israel ay, ka dibna bilaabay waxbarasho ee machadka Yeruusaalem. In 1970-72 GG. wuxuu ka shaqeeyey professor associate Institute Weizmann ah, oo sanadkii 1991 uu noqday professor ka mid ah bayoolaji iyo kimistari in Southern California. Uorshell loo arkaa mid ka mid ah aasaasayaasha enzymology xisaabeed - qaybta bayoolajiga. Waxa uu bartay qaabka iyo hababka horseed garoomada, iyo qaab-dhismeedka Britain eulayska.

Kjell S., E. iyo W. Eric Betzig Merner

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014 waxaa la guddoonsiiyey Merner, Eric Betzig iyo Helle. saynisyahano waxay ku abuuray habab cusub oo microscopy ka baxsan awoodaha ee la yaqaan noo microscope fudud. natiijada ay noogu suurto gasho in la tixgeliyo jidka u taagoo gudaha unugyada noolaha. Tusaale ahaan, by hab oo kuwaas waxaa suurto gal ah si ay ula socdaan dhaqanka borotiinada mas'uulka ka dhacdo ee cudurka Parkinson iyo Alzheimers. Currently, cilmi baarista ee saynisyahano, kuwaas oo sii kordheysa loo isticmaalay sayniska iyo daawada.

Kjell waxa uu ku dhashay 1962 in Romania. Isagu waa muwaadin u dhashay Germany maanta. Erik Bettsig waxa uu ku dhashay 1960 in Michigan. Uilyam Merner waxa uu ku dhashay 1953 in California.

Jahannamo tan iyo 1990-ka shaqeeyay on the-STED microscopy on hawada lama filaan ah depress yahiin. laser hore waxaa faraxsan waxa ku jira ilaa dhaadheer, la ogaado by qadanayo. laser kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo horumariyo xallinta qalabka. Merner iyo Eric Betzig, asxaabta Helle, jimicsi madax banaan ay cilmi u gaar ah, aasaaska u dhigeen, waayo, nooc kale oo microscopy. Waxaan ka hadleynaa microscopy-hal Britain ee.

T. Lindahl, P. Modric iyo Aziz Sanjar

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 waxaa la siiyay reer Sweden Lindahl ah, American Modric iyo Turk Sanjar. Abaalka dhexdoodana way isu Seynisyahanno ku kala, si madax banaan u sharaxdo oo aad ku tilmaami habab by kaas oo unugyada "dayactirka" DNA iyo dhaawac ilaaliyo macluumaadka hidaha. Taasi waxa ay uu la gudoonsiiyey Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015.

Beesha sayniska ee 1960, waxaa lagu qanciyay in u taagoo, kuwaas oo ah kuwo aad raagaya iyo noolaa weli shiidaa iska beddelin. Hirgalinta uu cilmibaadhista ee machadka Karolinska, biochemist a Lindahl (dhashay 1938) ayaa muujisay in ka cilladaha kala duwan ku ururto DNA ah. Taas macnaheedu waxa weeye in ay jiraan habab dabiici ah by kaas oo ah "hagaajin" taagoo DNA ah. Lindahl 1974 heleen enzyme ah taas oo ay meesha saytosayn dhaawacan iyaga ka mid ah. In Aqoonyahan 1980-90s, kuwaas oo ay markii ugu UK waxay muujiyeen sida glycosylases guuray. Kooxdan gaarka ah ee falgalka fuliyaan shaqada in talaabada ugu horeysa ee dayactirka DNA. Sayniska awoodaan in ay soo saari shaybaarka habka (ee loo yaqaan "dayactir excision").

Istaahil ee dareenka, iyo Laureates kale ee Chemistry 2015 Nobel Prize. Aziz Sanjar waxa uu ku dhashay 1946 in Turkey. Waxa uu helay uu shahaado caafimaad ee Istanbul, ka dibna soo shaqeeyay dhowr sano ah dhakhaatiirta reer miyiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in 1973, Aziz noqday xiiso Kiimikada noole. saynisyahan ayaa la yaabay in bakteeriyada ka dib markii la helo qiyaas shucaaca, dilaa, waayo, si deg deg ah loo soo celiyo xooggooda, haddii la fuliyay cindiga ee kala duwan ee buluuga ah ee kala duwan ee la arki karo. Horeba shaybaarka Texas Sanjar aqoonsaday iyo gjærceler hiddo ah eulayska, oo mas'uul ka yahay tirtiridda khasaaraha ka dhashay ultraviolet (photolyase). Tani waxay daahfurka ee 1970, ma keeni xiisaha badan ee jaamacadaha of America, iyo saynisyahan u soo baxeen inay Yale. Waxa uu ahaa here in uu ku tilmaamay labaad nidaamka "dayactir" unugyada ka dib markii ay la kulantay oo ay iftiinka ultraviolet.

Modrich Pol (dhashay 1946) waxa uu ku dhashay ee Mareykanka (New Mexico). Waxa uu helay hab by taasoo habka Qaybta cell saxo khaladaadka muuqday DNA ee geedi socodka fission ah.

Sidaas daraaddeed, waxaan ognahay oo ku guulaystay Nobel Prize ee Chemistry 2015. Waxaan malayn karaa oo keliya, kuwaas oo waa la murwayn doonaa abaalmarinta this ee soo socda, ee 2016. Waxaan rajeynayaa, in mustaqbalka dhow ay u jaraan iyo saynisyahano Ruush, waxaa jiri doona cusub Nobel Prize Chemistry of Russia.