Qashinka - waxa uu yahay waxan? kala soocidda

Dadka ayaa muddo dheer gudbay noocyada in si nabad ah ka jira dhulka biosphere. version A casriga ah ee ilbaxnimada culus oo siyaabo badan thoughtlessly loogana faa'iidaysto khayraadka dhulkeenna ee - macdanta, carradu, dhirta iyo ugaarta, biyaha iyo hawada. Wax walba waxa ay gaadho, waayo, gacanta, aadanaha waa remade by baahida sii kordhaysa ee bulshada farsameysan. Tani ma aha oo kaliya keenaysaa in daaqa khayraadka caalamka ee, laakiin sidoo kale in ay soo bixitaanka of tiro badan oo ah nooca aad u kala duwan ee qashinka.

Waa maxay qashinka guud ahaan? iyagu waa dhibaato inoo ah?

Haddii loo fududeeyo oo guud, qashinka - waa natiijada hawlaha guryaha iyo warshadaha ka mid ah Dadka, keeni karo dhib ku ah deegaanka. Waxaa ka mid ah wax kasta oo walxaha farsameysan ama qaybo ka mid ah ayaa laga badiyay qiimaha iyo waxaa mar dambe loo isticmaalo guriga, shaqada ama hawlaha kale ee aadanaha kasta. Maanta xaaladdu waa sida in dhulka uu leeyahay awood u leh in macno ahaan Maansheeyo in waxyaabaha qashinka iyaga u gaar ah, haddii aan tallaabooyin aad u culus oo deg deg ah ayaa laga qaadayaa.

Si aad u qiyaasi baaxadda arrinta, dhab ahaantii mid ka mid ah oo kaliya: in dalalka qaar ka mid ah, oo deggan Magaalooyinka soo sanadkiiba ilaa tan ah ee qashinka guriga. Metrik! Nasiib wanaag, inta badan qashinka waxaa dib loo, laakiin ugu degaan on qub Rafaa, taas oo ah qaabkii dad badan oo ka mid ah magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee dunida. Tusaale ahaan, ku dhawaad 800 oo hektar oo Moscow kaliya qorsheeyay meelha. Iyo u badan tahay toban jeer ka badan dabiiciga ah - in webiyada, on the bangiyada of webiyo iyo durdurro, roadsides.

Haddaba qiyaasi warshad weyn - qodniinka-, dhar, kiimikada - ma aha sidaas u muhiim ah. Qashinka of-soo-saarka sida ayaa sidoo kale ku qiyaasay in tan, laakiin ma aha, waayo, sannad iyo maalin. Just qiyaasi this wasakh ah, durdur sumeeyay ka warshad qodniinka- in Siberia iyo dhirta kiimikada meel Pakistan, wax soo saarka baabuurta ee Korea iyo warshad of waraaqaha ee Shiinaha socday. Qashinka - dhibaato u tahay? Dabcan, oo aad u daran.

Sheekada qashinka

Ka hor dhalashada of qashinka isku dardaro, waayo qaybta ugu, mana jiro. faas Broken, duugoobin oo lagu tuuray shaati, doon maanshaynay iyo xataa illoobay, baxda la qalcaddii ajada in kastoo ay ahaayeen waxyaabaha dhaqdhaqaaqa aadanaha, laakiin ma waxyeelayn meeraha codsatay - organic baaraandego, ka imanba aamusnaan iyo si nabad ah dhulka wuu ka tegey, oo sugaya ee qadiimiga ah xamaasad leh.

Waxaa laga yaabaa in "dhab ah" qashinka ugu horeysay ee qoyska - galaas this, laakiin markii ugu horeysay u soo saaray tiro miniscule. Laakiin qashinka ugu horeysay ee halis ah warshadaha waa at Warega of 18-19 qarniyo, oo leh dhalashada nooca mashiinka warshad. Tan iyo markaas, ay tirada u korayo sida gebiyo. Haddii qarnigii warshad 19 la sii daayay oo kaliya galay wax soo saarka sari dhuxusha jawiga, kooxda warshadaha qarnigii 21 shubay webiyada, harooyinka iyo badaha malaayiin gaaloon oo qashinka aadka sun ah, iyaga jeestay galay "Qubuuraha".

A si dhab ah xal "kacaan" ee kordhinta tirada qashinka guryaha iyo warshadaha ka dhacay saddexaad ee hore ee qarnigii 20-aad, iyadoo bilowgii isticmaalka baahsan ee batroolka iyo shidaalka waxyaabaha mustaqbalka - caag ah.

Waa maxay noocyada kala duwan ee qashinka: soocidda

Dadka ku jira sano ee lasoo dhaafay ayaa soo saaray lacagta noocaas ah weyne qashinka in ay si fudud loo qaybin karaa kooxo: qashinka cuntada iyo waraaqaha qashinka, dhalooyinka iyo bacyaal, caafimaad iyo bir, qoryo iyo caag, shucaaca, iyo kuwo kale oo badan.

Dabcan, ay yihiin aan ku filnayn ee ay saameynta xun ee bay'adda. Waayo, wakiil ka badan muuqaalka qashinka oo dhan waxaan qaybi kooxo dhowr ah sida uu heerka faddarada.

Sidaas daraaddeed, waxa baabba ' "wanaagsan", iyo waxa - "xun"?

"Light" qashinka

1. Paper. Waxaa ka mid ah wargeysyada jir ah, buugaagta, waraaqo, stickers, waraaqaha iyo baakadaha gacmo, majaladaha dhalaalaya iyo wax walba oo kale. Processing iyo dib u warshadaynta qashinka qof warqad waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu fudud - inta badan oo ka mid ah waa wax-u waraaqaha qashinka oo markii danbe dib ugu beddelay wargeysyada, majalladaha iyo kartoonada. Oo xataa tuuray god iyo illoobay qashinka warqad uu noqon doono in wakhti yar oo gaaban (marka la eego qaar ka mid ah noocyada kale) inay burburto aan sameynayo dabiicadda badan waxyeello, marka lagu daro ciidda iyo biyaha midabada leh bogagga daabacan. The ugu adag kala daatay dabiiciga ah ee warqad dhalaalaya, laakiin ugu fudud - xumu iyo friable.
2. Cuntada. All organic jikooyinka qashinka, maqaayadaha, hoteellada, beeraha gaar ah, tirada beeraha iyo warshadaha cuntada - in dhammaan ayaa "ka gaajeeysan" aadanaha. qashinka cuntada ayaa sidoo kale si degdeg ah cawisa, xataa marka aad u aragto in ka badan tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay in cunidda waxyaabaha yar yar oo dabiici ah iyo kiimikada dheeraad ah. Just iyada iyo dabeecadda waxyeellooyinka - tusaale ahaan, antibiotics caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo xoolaha u sii kordhaya, kiimikada in la kordhiyo nolosha shelf iyo soo bandhigidda ee cuntada. Waxaa degan meel gaarka ah ee siibtey iyo sheyga. Siibtey, cuntooyinka hiddo modified, waa mawduuca dood kulul oo ay soo horjeeda iyo taageerayaashooda. Sheyga waxaa sidoo kale interlocks kala daatay dabiiciga ah ee arrinta organic - tiro badan, iyaguna way dami ka wareegga dabiiciga ah ee kala daatay iyo abuurista.
3. Glass. Glass iyo kooxaha kala duwan laga yaabaa in ay yihiin nooca ugu qadiimiga ah ee "qashinka nin-dhigay." Dhinaca hal, ay yihiin inert oo ha sii daayo deegaanka, ha sumeeyo hawada iyo biyaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro ku filan badan oo dhalooyinka ku baabbi'in degaanada dabiiciga ah - bulshada ee noolaha. Tusaale ahaan, xayawaanka in ay ku dhaawacmeen oo dhiman oo aan hanaanka difaaca si weyn loo kala firdhiyey oo gogo 'oo af badan - iyo tani waa in aan ku xuso carqalad si dadka naftooda. ballaarinta Term of galaas ku saabsan yahay Kun sano oo. Our Faracoodii fog yeelan doonaan in ay ka adkaan falagyada fog, iyo dhalooyin maanta Tuuri qubo qashinka, weli had iyo jeer waxay noqon doontaa dhulka. Glass qashinka ma aha arrin muhim, oo sidaas daraaddeed tiradoodu ay tarmaan la sannad kasta marayay.

Qashinka "darnaanta dhexdhexaad ah"

1. Caaga. Inta ay qashinka oo caag ah hadda waa caajiib - Iskudar fudud ee noocyada ay qaadan lahaa laba pages. Waxa aan noqon lahaa buunbuunin haddii la yiraahdo maanta in caag samayn ku dhawaad wax walba - Baakadaha iyo reerkii qalabka, dhalooyinka, dharka, qalabka iyo gaadiidka, maacuunta iyo yachts. Decomposes muraayadda caag ah waa labo jeer sida ugu dhakhsaha - sano 500 oo kaliya. Laakiin isaga ka duwan, wuxuu had iyo jeer sii daayo deegaanka walxaha sunta ah. Sidoo kale, qaar ka mid ah guryaha caag ka sameeyaan "dilaaga kaamil ah." Dad yar ogahay in badaha aduunka ee ay ahaayeen oo dhan "jasiiradda" ee hadda keenay dhalooyinka, tuubooyinka, bacaha iyo "profile" kale ee burburka. Waxay baabbi'in malaayiin noolaha badda. Tusaale ahaan, shimbiraha badda ma kala saari karaa xabbadood caag ah oo cunto ah, oo si dabiici ah u dhinta urka jidhka. bacyaal Qashinka isticmaalka waa mid ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka ugu daran ee deegaanka maanta.
2. qashinka qodniinka-, in alaabta batroolka, qaar ka mid ah qashinka kiimikada, iyo dhismaha qashinka gaariga (oo ay ku jiraan Taayirada jir). All this wasakhaynaysana deegaanka arrin si xoog leh (gaar ahaan haddii aad qiyaasi miisaanka), laakiin suuska dhakhso - for 30-50 sano.

The "culus" qashinka ugu

1. Qashinka ku jirto meerkuri. Qalabka heerkulka cabira Broken iyo laambadihii, qaar ka mid ah qalabka kale. oo dhan waxaannu xusuusan nahay in heerkulbeegga mercury jabay noqday il xiisadda xaaladda qabriga - kids isla markiiba laga saaray meelaha "wasakh ah", halka dadka waaweyn aad si taxadir leh ururiyey "codad" dabaqa ah kubadaha dareere biraha. sumoobo The xad dhaaf ah oo mercury si siman halis u ah nin iyo ciidda - sanad kasta tobanaan tan oo wax iska tuuray, taasoo keenta dhaawac la hagaajin si dabiiciga ah. Taasi waa sababta mercury loo qoondeeyey fasalka koowaad (sarreeya) khatarta - abaabulay waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee soo dhoweynta ah ee qashinka ku jirto meerkuri iyo weelasha la walxaha khatarta ah waxaa la geeyaa haamaha xidhay, calaamadaysan iyo keydiyo ilaa jeer kaga fiican, markay si ammaan ah meeleyn karaa - waayo WARSHADEYNTA la joogo meerkuri waa mid aad u hawlqabad la'aan.
2. Baytariyada. Baytariyada, qoyska, warshadaha iyo baytariyada baabuurta waxaa ku jira ma aha oo kaliya uu hogaanka u, laakiin acid ee sulfuric, iyo sidoo kale duwan oo ka mid ah waxyaabaha kale ee sunta ah, taasoo keenta dhaawac halis ku ah deegaanka. Mid ka mid ah batariga caadiga ah, taas oo aad ka fog TV helay oo lagu tuuray on wadada, daraasiin sun ah mitir laba jibaaran oo ah ciidda. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, magaalooyin badan oo waaweyn ayaa u muuqday dhibcood ururinta mobile waayo, bateriga loo isticmaalo guryaha iyo accumulators, taas oo muujinaysaa khatarta sare ee ay soo rogeen by qashinka sida.
3. hadhaaga qashinka nukliyarka. Qashinka halista ah intooda badan - dhimasho iyo burbur ee ay foomka saafi ah. hadhaaga qashinka nukliyarka fiirsashada ku filan wax nool oo dhan u baabbi'in, xitaa iyada oo aan xiriir toos ah. Dabcan, ma jiro mid iska tuur doonaa qaatay dhengedo shidaalka ee qub - ku meeleynta iyo asturidda qashinka ka "biraha culus" waa hab aad u daran. Waayo, heerka low-iyo qashinka heerka dhexe (isagoo bar-nolosha gaaban), haamaha kala duwan kaas oo xubno ka qaaca waxaa ka buuxsamay hoobiye cement ama dhoobo. Ka dib markii uu dhacayo of badhkiis nolosha, qashinka sida lagu meeleyn karaa qashinka sida caadiga ah. qashinka heer sare ah la farsameeyo loo isticmaalo sare tiknolojiyada adag oo qaali ah. Full of heer sare ah processing qashinka "biraha wasakh ah", heerka la joogo horumarka farsamada, waa wax aan macquul aheyn, oo waxay waxaa la geeyaa haamaha gaar ah, kaydiyaa muddo aad u dheer - tusaale ahaan, uranium-234 bar-nolosha ee ku dhowaad boqol kun oo sano!

Aragtida dhibaatada qashinka ee wakhtigan casriga ah

Qarnigii 21aad, dhibaatada wasakhda qashinka waa mid ka mid ah ugu muhiim ah iyo muranka. Isla kala duwan waa dabeecad waxay dawladaha dal oo kala duwan. In wadamo badan oo reer galbeedka, dhibaatada of processing iyo dib u warshadaynta qashinka waa muhim - separation of qashinka guriga ku xiga processing ammaan ah, boqolaal ka mid ah warshadaha for warshadaynta, goobaha gaarka ah la ilaaliyo, waayo, asturidda walxaha aadka u khatarta ah iyo sunta. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, siyaasad ah "Dhaqaalaha aan qashinka" in dalalka qaar ka mid ah - hab kaas oo reuse qashinka noqon doonaa si siman u 100%. The ugu fog wadada this waxaan ahaan Denmark, Japan, Sweden, Scotland iyo Netherlands.

In dalalka dunida saddexaad ee kheyraadka maaliyadeed iyo mid hay'adeed falanqeeyo habaysan iyo dib u warshadaynta qashinka halkaas. Tani waxa ay keentey in meelha weyn meesha qashinka degmada sarkhaansan yihiin roobka, Qorraxda iyo dabaysha dhaadheer qiiqa aadka sun ah, khubad ku wareegsanaa oo dhan, waayo, tobanaan kiiloomitir. In Brazil, Mexico, Hindiya, dalalka Afrika, boqolaal hektar oo qashinka khatarta ah ku hareereeyeen, multi-million Magaalooyinka, kaas oo maalin walba kabaan "kaydka" qashinka cusub oo cusub.

Jidadkiisa oo dhammu waa takhalusaya qashinka

1. Qashinka lagu qubo ee meelha. Habka ugu badan ee qashinka. Dhab ahaantii, burburka laga saaro kaliya hortiisa, waxaa loo tuuraa albaabka. meelha qaarkood waa ku meel gaar ah kaydinta ka hor processing on warshad qashin ah, iyo qaar ka mid ah, gaar ahaan dalalka dunida saddexaad oo kaliya u koraan in size.
2. Landfilling qashinka soocaa. qashin noocan oo kale ah wax badan "ilbaxnimada". Its processing waa wax badan ka jaban iyo wax ka badan wax ku ool ah. Ku dhowaad dhammaan dalalka Galbeedka Yurub ay u guureen nidaam qashinka oo kala duwan, iyo tuurin ee xirmo "multi" qashinka bixiyo rigoore aad u daran.
3. Incinerators. In dhirta sida waa la wada baabbi'iyey isticmaalaya kulaylka qashinka. Iyada oo ku xidhan nooca qashinka iyo awoodaha maaliyadeed, iyadoo la isticmaalayo teknoolajiyada kala duwan.
4. Gubista la burburka soo kabashada tamarta. Haddaba warshado sifeeya saliidda iyo aad u badan yihiin bedesheen technology wax soo saarka tamarta laga qashinka - tusaale ahaan, in Sweden "tamarta qashinka" siiyaa 20% baahida dalka. Caalamku waxa uu bilaabay in uu fahmo in qashinka - waa lacag.
5. Processing. Qayb muhiim ah oo qashinka dib loo isticmaali karo iyo isticmaali. Waxaa inta ugu badan ee disposability ayaa hadda doonaya wadamada horumariyo. The ugu fudud ee dib u warshadaynta waa warqad, qoryo iyo qashinka cuntada.
6. Ilaalinta iyo kaydinta. Habkani waxaa loo isticmaalaa qashinka ugu halis ah iyo sunta - mercury, kaydinta shucaaca.

Xaaladda la qubo qashinka iyo dib u warshadaynta ee Russia

Russia ee arrintan la xiriira fog tahay ka danbeeya dalalka horumariyo. Complicating factor waa meel weyn ka, tiro badan oo ah shirkadaha huriye, gobolka dhaqaalaha Ruush, iyo waxa waa in lagu qirteen, maskaxda gudaha ugu haboon ee hadal ah oo caan ah oo ku saabsan dhismaha la deggan yahay iyo ka siibadan sida ba'an ee deriska la ogaado oo ku saabsan dhibaatooyinka.

On kan waa in

Sweden gaareen heer ka mid ah dib u warshadaynta iyo maareynta qashinka, in aanay ahayn oo ku filan! Iswiidhishka xataa caawin dhacdo in this noorwiijiga, qiimo kala bixinta qoyska iyo warshadaha meelaha ay.

Japan ayaa sidoo kale la yaabay by deriskooda - in Japan 98% ka mid ah biraha loo isticmaalo labaad. Waxaa intaa dheer, dhawaan, saynisyahano Japanese helay bakteeriyada in cuno caag ah! Sida ay sheegayaan qiyaasaha taxadar, kuwaas micro-organisms ee mustaqbalka uu noqon doonaa habka ugu weyn ee polyetylen warshadaynta.