Formation, Sayniska
The bar-nolosha ee canaasiirta radioactive - maxay tahay iyo sida loo qeexo? Formula bar-nolosha
Taariikhda waxbarasho ee shucaaca bilaabay March 1, 1896, marka saynisyahan caan Faransiis Anri Bekkerel filaan ah helay wax la yaab leh in shucaaca ee cusbada uranium. Waxaa soo baxay in saxan sawiro, meeleeyay sanduuq la muunad hareeyay. Waa natiijada dalalka haysashada shucaaca sare cabaar, kaas oo uu ku hodanaynta uranium. hantida Tani waxaa laga helaa waxyaalaha ugu cuslaa, dhamaystirka miiska wareegsan. Waxa uu la siiyey magaca "shucaaca".
Waxaan soo bandhigi dabeecadaha shucaaca
Marxaladani waxay - isxilqaamay isotope eb xubin ka beddelidda in isotope a kala duwan leh horumar isku mar qayb ka hoose (electrons, nuclei qaaradda ee helium). atamka diinta iskooda u muuqday, oo aan u baahan in nuugista tamarta dibadda. tirada ugu weyn ee sifeeyay sii daayo tamarta inta lagu guda jiro geeddi-socodka ah ee bololka shucaaca, loo yaqaan hawlaha.
A = λN, kuna waari dhexdeeda joogta suuska λ-, N - tirada atamka firfircoon ee tusaalaha ah.
α go'doon, β, γ-Geedda. The isleegyo u dhiganta waxaa lagu magacaabaa xeerarka mowjadda:
magaca | Maxaa dhacaya | isla'egta reaction |
α suuska | diinta xuduntii qaaradda ee X Y xuduntii xuduntii sii daayo la eb helium a | X Z A → Z-Y 2 A-4 + 4 2 Isagu |
β - burbur | diinta xuduntii qaaradda ee xuduntii X Y la sii daayo electron ah | Z A → Z + X 1 Y A + -1 e A |
γ - suuska | ma la socdaan isbeddel ah ee xuduntii, tamarta la sii daayay oo ah qaab la ruxruxo ah electromagnetic | X Z A → Z X A + γ |
bareeg waqtiga ee shucaaca
xaadirka ah ee burburkii qayb ka ah in aan la dhigay kartaa eb gaar ah. Waayo, isaga, waxaa halkii yahay ah "shil" halkii ay qaab. Go'doon tamarta tilmaamay habka, qeexaa sida waxqabadka ee tusaalaha ah.
Waxaa la aasaasay in ay jirto waqti lagu guda jiro kuwaas oo si sax ah nus ka mid ah atamka ee tijaabada suuska maray. bareeg waqti Tan waxa loo yaqaan "bar-nolosha". Waa maxay macnaha hordhaca ah ee fikirka this?
Waa maxay badhkiis nolosha?
Waxay u muuqataa in muddo siman yahay in muddada, si sax ah nus ka mid ah atamka firfircoon nasashada muunad joogo. Laakiin taasi macnaheedu ma in lagu jiro oo dhan atamka firfircoon muuq gabi ahaanba in laba bar-nolosha? Ma aha at dhan. Ka dib markii dhibic qaarkood saamiga waa nus ka mid ah xubno ka radioactive by isla xaddi atamka ka harsan waqtiga decomposes xitaa kala bar, iyo wixii la mid ah. shucaaca ay sii socoto muddo dheer, wax badan oo ka badan nus-nolosha. Sidaa awgeed, ka atamka firfircoon saamiga ku kaydsan yihiin madax banaan ka shucaaca
The bar-nolosha - tiro taas oo ku xiran oo kaliya on guryaha oo ah walaxda. Qiimaha waxaa lagu qeexaa for isotopes badan oo la garanayo ee shucaaca.
Jadwalka: "suuska The bar-nolosha ee isotopes gaar ah"
| magaca | Doorshadan | nooca bololka | bar-nolosha |
radium | 88 Ra 219 | Alfa | 0,001 ilbiriqsi |
magnesium | 12 mg 27 | beta | 10 daqiiqo |
radon | 86 RN 222 | Alfa | 3.8 maalmood |
Cobalt | 27 Co 60 | beta, gamma | 5.3 sano |
radium | 88 Ra 226 | Alfa, gamma | 1620 sano |
Uranus | 92 238 U | Alfa, gamma | 4.5 billion sano |
Determination of bar-nolosha sameeyaa experimentally. In waxbarashada shaybaarka sameeyay si joogta ah lagu qiyaaso waxqabadka. Tan iyo baarka shaybaarka ee size yar (cilmibaadhe ammaanka dhammaan ayuu ka sarreeyaa), tijaabo ah waa la fuliyay iyada oo kala duwan, oo soo noqnoqda marar badan. Waxay ku salaysan tahay xaalad joogto ah ee hawlaha wakiilada isbedelka.
Si loo go'aamiyo badhkiis nolosha waa hawl cabbiran ee tijaabada dura waqti gaar ah. Marka la eego in u dhimaya ee la xiriira tirada of atamka burburay sharciga suuska shucaaca, go'aaminta badhkiis nolosha.
qeexitaan TUSAALE for isotope ah
Ha tirada xubno firfircoon oo isotope waqti la siiyo waa loo siman yahay si N, bareeg waqtiga lagu jiro taas oo dhawrid waa t 2 - t 1 halkaas oo bilowgii iyo dhammaadka waa dhawrid ku filan dhow. U qaadan in n - tirada atamka maydin ah oo waqti la siiyo, ka dibna n = Kn (t 2 - t 1).
In ra'yi this, K = 0.693 / T½ - factor saamigal, loo yaqaan joogto ah suuska. T½ - badhkiis nolosha isotope ah.
U qaadan, waayo, unit Afyare waqtiga. Sayidka K = n / N muujinaysaa jajabka ah nuclei isotope burbureen joogo halkii mar unit.
Ogaanshaha qiimaha joogto bololka waxaa go'aan looga gaari karaa iyo badh-nolosha ee bololka: T½ = 0.693 / K.
Taas waxaa raacda in halkii mar unit ma jebiyo tiro cayiman oo atamka firfircoon, iyo tiro gaar ah.
Sharciga suuska shucaaca (spp)
Half-nolosha waa spp saldhig u. Qaabka dheefay Frederick Soddy iyo Ernest Rutherford oo ku saleysan natiijooyinka tijaabo ee 1903. Waxa la yaab leh in cabbirka badan sameeyey alaabtii in ka fog kaamil ah waa in la eego horrantii qarnigii labaatanaad, oo horseeday in la natiijooyinka sax ah oo sax ah. Waxa uu noqday ku saleysan aragtida ah ee shucaaca. Waxaan soo dheegato entry xisaabeed sharciga suuska shucaaca.
- ha N 0 - tirada atamka firfircoon markii ugu firfircoon. Ka dib markii bareeg waqtiga t nondecomposed doonaa xubno N.
- At wakhti siman, si ay bar-nolosha sii sax ah nus ka mid ah xubno firfircoon: N = N 0/2.
- Ka dib markii muddo dheeraad ah oo ka mid ah nus ka mid ah saamiga waa: N = N 0/4 = 0/2 N 2 atamka firfircoon.
- waqti loo siman yahay si nus-nolosha dheeraad ah ka dib, saamiga hayn doonaa oo kaliya: N = N 0/8 = 0/2 N March.
- Waqti uu ciidanka n bar-muddooyinka in tijaabada sii joogi doonaa 0 N = N / 2 n oo ka mid ah qayb firfircoon. In ra'yi this n = t / T½: ratio of baaritaan in ay ku bar-nolosha.
- ayaa spp hadal xoogaa kala duwan xisaabta taas oo ku haboon in hawlaha: N = N 0 2 - t / T½.
hannaankii wuxuu kuu ogol yahay si loo ogaado, marka lagu daro badhkiis nolosha, tirada atamka isotope firfircoon nondecomposed waqti la siiyo. Ogaanshaha tirada atamka ee tusaalaha ah bilowga fiirinta, muddo ka dib, aad go'aan ka gaari kara ee Meyeydaan ee daroogada.
Go'aamiyaan bar-nolosha ee shucaaca formula sharciga suuska waxa uu inaga caawinayaa oo kaliya haddii xuduudaheedu gaar ah: tirada isotopes firfircoon ee tusaalaha ah, waa ay adag tahay in la helo ku filan.
Cawaaqibta sharciga
Record formula spp kartaan, iyadoo la isticmaalayo fikirka ah atamka waxqabad iyo diyaarinta mass.
Activity saami ay tirada atamka shucaaca: A = A 0 • 2 -t / T. In formula this, A 0 - waxqabad muunad at eber waqti, A - waxqabad seconds t, T ka dib - bar-nolosha.
Miisaanka oo ah walaxda loo isticmaali karaa in hannaankii: m = m 0 • 2 -t / T
Waayo, wax kasta oo joogto ah gabi ahaanba jebiyo tiro la mid ah oo ka mid ah atamka radioactive heli karaa diyaarinta this.
Xadka applicability sharciga
Sharcigu oo kale waa tirakoobka ah, oo qeexaya geedi socodka ka ee ka jirta qaybaha a. Waxaa la fahamsan yahay in kala bar-nolosha ee canaasiirta radioactive - tiro. Dabeecadda probabilistic dhacdooyinka ee nuclei qaaradda soo jeedisay in xudunta aan sabab lahayn way dumi karaa wakhti kasta. Saadaaliyo dhacdo waa wax aan macquul aheyn, waxaan go'aan ka gaari kara oo kaliya in ay kalsoonidii waqti. Sidaas darteed, badhkiis nolosha Macno ma sameeyneeyso:
- waayo, eb gaar ah;
- tacsida saamiga ugu yar.
noolaa ee la eb ee
jiritaanka la eb ee Xaalkeedii Horce socon kartaa labaad ah, iyo laga yaabee malaayiin sano. La hadal ah oo ku saabsan xilliga uu qayb ka mid ah nolosha sidoo kale muhiim ma aha. By galaya tiro isla'eg qiimaha celceliska ee Meyeydaan ee atamka ka, waxaad la hadli kartaa ee ku saabsan jiritaanka atamka ee isotope ah radioactive, saamaynta suuska shucaaca. The bar-nolosha xuduntii qaaradda ku xiran tahay sifooyinka la eb iyo kuma xirna tiro kale.
Ma suurogalbaa in xal u helidda dhibaatada: sida loo helo badhkiis nolosha, isagoo garanaya noolaa celceliska?
Si loo go'aamiyo caanaha isgaarsiinta bar-nolosha ee Meyeydaan hoose la eb iyo suuska oo gargaar joogto ah, oo aan ka yarayn.
τ = T 1/2 / ln2 = T 1/2 / 0,693 = 1 / λ.
In this record, τ - noolaa celceliska, λ - joogto ah oo hallaabay.
Isticmaalka badhkiis nolosha
spp Codsiga go'aaminta da'da ah baarka shaqsi baahsan ee cilmi-baarista ee goor dambe oo qarnigii labaatanaad. saxnaanta go'aaminta da'da artifacts lafo sidaas korodhay in ku siin karaan aragti waqti nolosha ee BC Millennium ah.
Radiocarbon lafo-baarka organic ku saleysan isbedelka hawsha carbon-14 (radiocarbon) jooga oo dhan noolaha. Waxaa ku dhacaa jidh ku nool inta lagu guda jiro shiid iyo waxa dhexdeeda ku jira at-fiirsashada gaar ah. dhimashada shiid la deegaanka ka dib markii uu joogsanayo. fiirsashada ee carbon shucaac ku dhacaa sabab u suuska dabiiciga ah, waxqabadka saami hoos.
Iyada oo qiyamka sida, badhkiis nolosha, formula sharciga ee bololka shucaaca ka caawisaa si loo ogaado waqtiga la joojiyo oo nolosha ka mid ah u shaqeeyo.
Chain of transformations radioactive
waxbarashada shucaaca ayaa la sameeyay in xaaladaha shaybaarka. awood la yaab leh in ay xubno ka radioactive sii firfircoon muddo saacado ah, maalmood ama xataa sanado soo gaadhi kari waayeen sida la yaab leh bilowga ah physicists qarnigii labaatanaad. Studies, tusaale ahaan, thorium, raaceen by natiijo lama filaan ah: qiyaasta dhalada ku xiran oo ay waxqabad la taaban karo ahayd. At Taabto wax yar waxaa ka mid ah ku dhaceen. gabagabada waxa uu ahaa mid fudud: beddelidda ee thorium Ulasocto sii daayo radon (gaaska). Dhamaan xubno ka ee shucaaca ah loo beddelaa walax aad u kala duwan, iyo wixii guryaha jireed iyo kiimikada. walax Tani, markeeda, sidoo kale waa aan degganayn. Waxaa hadda la og yahay saddex saf oo transformations la mid ah.
Aqoonta transformations kuwani waa mid aad u muhiim ah go'aaminta waqtiga meelaha helitaan wasakhaysan ee geedi socodka of cilmi-qaaradda iyo nuclear, dhibaatooyinka dabiiciga ah. The bar-nolosha ee plutonium - iyadoo ku xiran isotopes ay - kala duwan ka 86 s (PU 238) 80 Ma (PU 244). fiirsashada of isotope kasta siiyaa fikrad ku saabsan muddada aagga sun ah.
The biraha ugu qaalisan
Waxaa la og yahay in wakhtiga casriga ah waxaa jira waxyaabo badan ka qaalisan bir ah tahay dahabka, iyo lacagta, iyo platina. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid plutonium ah. Waxa xiiso leh, in dabeecadda abuuray in horumar ah ee plutonium la helin. xubno intooda badan waxaa laga heli xaaladaha shaybaarka. Operation of plutonium-239 ee tigoodu nuclear ayaa u oggolaaday inuu maalmahan noqday mid aad loo jecel yahay. Helitaanka ku filan si ay u isticmaalaan in ay tigoodu of qadarka isotope ka dhigaysa in ay ficil ahaan qiimo.
Plutonium-239 waa la helay in vivo sabab u ah falcelin silsilad ee uranium-239 Neptunium-239 (nus-nolosha - 56 saacadood). silsilad la mid ah oo u ogolaanaya inay ku ururto plutonium in tigoodu nuclear. Heerka dhacdo ka mid ah tirada loo baahan yahay ka badan balaayiin dabiiciga ah ee jeer.
Codsiga in Energy
Waxaa jira hadal badan oo ku saabsan ceebaha awoodda nuclear iyo "qariibnimo" aadanaha in ku dhow kasta furitaanka waxaa loo isticmaalaa in la dilo dhala u gaar ah. Furitaanka of plutonium-239, taas oo ay awoodaan in ay ka qayb qaataan falcelinta silsilad nuclear la oggol yahay in ay isticmaalaan sida il tamar si nabad ah. Uranium-235 waa analoogga ah plutonium laga helo dunida waa mid aad u dhif ah, waxay u dooro ka ore uranium waa badan ka adag tahay si aad u hesho plutonium.
Age of Dhulka
Falanqaynta Radioisotope of isotopes xubno radioactive siinayaa fikrad badan oo sax ah ee uu nool yahay ee muunad gaar ah.
Isticmaalka silsilad badalo "ee uranium - thorium", ku jira qolof dhulka ee, waxay fursad si loo ogaado da'da dhulkeenna. boqolkiiba oo ka mid ah xubno in celcelis ahaan dhan qolof ah oo caddeynayaa habkan. Sida laga soo xigtay xogta ugu dambeeyay, da'da Earth waa 4.6 bilyan oo sano jir.
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