The bar-nolosha ee uranium: sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan iyo codsiga

Waxbarashada arrin ku shucaaca, saynisyahan a waxaa loola jeedaa in this sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan sida badhkiis nolosha. Sida aad ogtahay, sharciga ku saabsan suuska radioactive dhigayaa in labaad kasta oo aduunka ka jiro burbur ah atamka, iyo dabeecad u ah tiro ka mid ah geedi socodka, kuwaas oo si toos ah loola xiriirinayay tirada atamka. Haddii muddo waqti go'an qudhun doonaa nus ka mid ah oo dhan ee tirada la heli karo atamka, ½ bololka ah atamka ka hartay u baahan doontaa tiro la mid ah waqtiga. Waxaa la waqtigan aan ku jirno waxaa lagu magacaabaa badhkiis nolosha. qaybaha kala duwan waa kala duwan - laga bilaabo kumanaan of rabtay in balaayiin sano, sida, tusaale ahaan, in kiiska marka ay timaado muddo pro-nolosha ee uranium.

Uranium waa ugu cuslaa ee dhammaan qaybaha ka jira gobolka dabiiciga ah ee dunida oo dhan, guud ahaan waa shayga ugu quruxda badan waxbarasho habka shucaaca. element waxaa la helay in 1789 by cilmiga Jarmalka M. Klaproth, kuwaas oo u magacaabay in sharaf of meeraha dhawaan helay Uranus. Xaqiiqada ah in uranium tahay shucaac, waxaa qalad ah waxaa laga helay dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX ah by farmashiyaha A. Faransiis Becquerel.

The bar-nolosha ee uranium saaraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo formula la mid ah sida ay caadada u dhiganta in xubno kale shucaac:

T_ {1/2} = au lihida 2 = frac {lihida 2} {lambda},

halkaas «au» - noolaa celceliska la eb, «lambda» - joogta ugu weyn suuska. Tan iyo lihida 2 siman yihiin in ay ku saabsan 0.7, badhkiis nolosha ah oo kaliya 30% celcelis ahaan ka gaaban tahay wadarta la eb noolyihiin.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in taariikhda, 14 saynisyahano yaqaan isotopes of uranium ay dabiicadda ka dhacaan oo keliya saddex: uranium-234, uranium-235 iyo uranium-238. The bar-nolosha ee uranium waa ka duwan yahay, kiiska for U-234, isagu waa "kaliya" 270 kun oo sano, oo ah kala bar-nolosha ee uranium-238 ka badan 4.5 billion. uranium-235 bar-nolosha waa in ay "celceliska dahabka" - 710 milyan oo sano.

Waa in la ogaadaa in shucaaca uranium in vivo waa heer sare ah oo ku filan in, tusaale ahaan, saxan sawir Iftiin saacadood oo kaliya gudahood. Isla mar ahaantaana waxa xusid mudan in dhamaan isotope uranium ee U-235 waxa kaliya ee ku haboon soo saaridda of buuxinta for bam nuclear. Waxa ugu waa in uranium-235 bar-nolosha ee deegaan warshadeed waa u daran ka yar uu "walaalo", oo sidaas daraaddeed wax soo saarka ee neutrons loo baahnayn waa yar.

uranium-238, badhkiis nolosha si weyn u yahay in ka badan 4 bilyan oo sano, si kastaba ha ahaatee, oo uu haatan si ballaaran loo adeegsado warshadaha nukliyarka. Si ay u bilaabaan reaction Silsiladda fission ah nuclei culus ee element this a baahan yihiin qadar weyn ee tamarta neutron. 238 waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida ilaalinta ee qalabka fission oo isuga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan uranium-238 bixiyay loo isticmaalo ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee plutonium loo adeegsaday hubka nukliyeerka.

Muddada ka mid ah bar-nolosha ee saynisyahano uranium isticmaalaan si ay u xisaabiso da'da macdanta shaqsi oo ka mid ah meydadka oo jannada ka guud ahaan. saacadaha Uranium waa hab si cadaalad ah universal xisaabinta sida. Isla mar ahaantaana in da'da ayaa loo xisaabiyaa badan ama ka yar si sax ah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la ogaado ma aha oo kaliya xaddiga uranium in ay eyda oo kala duwan, laakiin sidoo kale ratio ee uranium oo horseedi sida wax soo saarka ugu dambeeya, taas oo diinta xuduntii uranium ah.

Waxaa jira hab kale si ay u xisaabiso dhagaxyada iyo macdan, waxaa la xiriira waxa loogu yeero ee isxilqaamay fission of uranium. Sida uu si fiican u yaqaan, iyadoo ay sabab u fission ee isxilqaamay ee uranium in xaaladaha dabiiciga ah ee walxaha la xoog weyn waaleen tiro yihiin walxaha, ka tago raad gaar ah - kuwan raadkaygay.

Waa tirada tareenka, isagoo garanaya muddada bar-nolosha ee uranium, iyo aqoonyahanno soo gabagabeeyey ku saabsan da'da jidh adag - haddii ay tahay sirdoonka hore, ama dheri xad "dhallinyarada" a. Waxa ay tahay in da'da shay waa si toos ah saamiyeed si tilmaamayaasha taranta of atamka uranium, oo waaleen ay muhiimka ah.