Qoondaynta kooxaha wax soo saarka cuntada. Qoondaynta oo ah waxyaabaha caanaha

Mid ka mid ah warshadaha ugu muhiimsan waa cuntada, sababtoo ah maalin walba jidhka bini'aadamka u baahan tahay shidaal - cuntooyin kala duwan ee dabiiciga ah iyo qaab baaraandego. Nidaaminta iyo dardar eraybixinta ah ee kala duwan oo dhan wax soo saarka cuntada ka dhigaysa in ay kala soocidda.

Qoondaynta oo cunto ah: waa maxay?

In si ay u awoodaan in ay si wax ku ool ah oo waxtar leh soo saaro, iibiso iyo cuntada lagu kaydiyo, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah marka hore in ay fuliyaan ay kala soocidda.

Qoondaynta oo cunto ah - geedi socod macquul ah oo ah jebinta gabi ahaanna cuntada kooxo ah heerarka kala duwan ee guud, sida ay shuruudaha qaarkood.

Research Badeecadda The jira dhawr kala saaro cuntada, kuwaas oo: waxbarasho, ganacsi, Heerka, statistics ganacsiga dhaqaalaha iyo arrimaha dibadda. labada ugu horeysay arkaa in ay yihiin kuwa ugu badan.

kala soocidda The qiimaha cuntada

Qoondaynta oo cunto ah eryanayn ujeedooyinka badan, kuwaas oo:

• caawin qalabayn habka ururinta iyo ka shaqeynta macluumaadka ku saabsan alaabta;
• fududeeyo cilmi guryaha macaamiisha ah ee wax soo saarka cuntada, formation of shuruudaha nidaamka si ay cunto, xisaabaadka iyo qorshaynta ee ay soo xeroota;
• caawiyo horumarinta hababka hufan ee baakooyinka, si ay u abaabulaan ah hababka kaydinta habboon, iyo gaadiidka oo cunto ah,
• kor qaybinta qumman ee alaabta dabaqa ganacsiga iyo bakhaarka,
• abuuro saldhig ahaan shahaado ee alaabta cuntada,
• fududeeyaan aqoonsiga baahida macaamiisha ee wax soo saarka cuntada.

Si aad u soo ururiyo macluumaadka ku saabsan alaabta iyo processing isticmaalaya noocyada kala duwan ee qalabka computer. Qoondaynta oo ah alaabta software ku salaysan baaxadda isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah saddex qaybood oo aasaasi ah: software nidaamka, baakadaha codsiga iyo software. Qabashada macluumaad kala duwan yahay codsiyada masuul ka.

Taa baddalkeeda, kala soocidda ee alaabta software la dabaqay u qaybsan yahay noocyada soo socda: tifatirayaasha qoraalka iyo Processor, tafatirayaasha graphic, nidaamka maamulka database, barasantigareeyaan; hab xisaabeedka, diiwaan nidaamka maamulka, nidaamka falanqaynta dhaqaale iyo kuwo kale. All of software kor ku xusan waxaa loo isticmaalaa in maamulka isbeddelkaas ee alaabta cuntada.

kala soocidda ee alaabta cuntada loogu tala galay

Iyadoo uu sal u caga cuntooyinka oo dhan waxa loo qaybiyaa afar qaybood:

1. cuntooyinka isticmaalka mass.
2. waxyaabaha Medical-cuntada iyo daweynta iyo profilatikada.
3. Alaabada loogu talagalay nafaqada ilmaha.
4. cuntooyinka Functional:

• cuntooyinka deyr leh,
• a walxaha cunto physiologically functional;
• cuntooyinka probiotic;
• fogaado;
• prebiotics;
• synbiotics.

sifooyinka Qoondaynta oo ka mid ah heerarka sare

Qoondaynta oo cunto ah ay hayaan heerka sare ah qaababka ugu badan.

Sidaas, ku salaysan asalka ah ee dhammaan cuntooyinka kala qaybsan yihiin afar kooxood:

• dawooyinka dabiiciga ah (cereals, khudaarta, miraha, digiraha, likaha, iwm);
• waxyaabaha isir xoolaadka (hilib, kalluun, cuntada badda, iwm);
• macdanta (sodium chloride);
• asal biosynthetic (khal).

On ku salaysan Halabuurka kiimikada ah cuntooyinka kala qaybsan yihiin:

• protein,
• carbohydrate,
• xaydhooda,
• macdanta.

On ku salaysan heerka wax soo saarka cuntada processing yihiin:

• cayriin,
• waxyaabaha semi-dhammeeyayna;
• diyaar.

Dabcan, tani ma aha soocidda dhamaystiran oo cuntooyinka aasaasiga ah. koox kasta oo cuntooyinka hierarchically ka kooban kooxo yar yar (noocyada, noocyo, cultivars, iwm) oo ku xiran alaabta ceeriin, daawooyinka, technology-soo-saarka, iyo feature kale mideynaya.

kala soocidda Barashada alaabta cuntada

Barashada soocidda cuntooyinka kooxo loo isticmaalo Merchandizing cilmi macaamilka sifooyinka alaabta, mabaadi'da formation oo ka mid ah guryaha iyo daryeel. Sida laga soo xigtay soocidda ee kor ku xusan, dhammaan cuntada u qaybsamaan 9 kooxaha ku saleysan a muuqaalada asal ahaan caadi ah, Halabuurka kiimikada, technology, caga iyo kaydinta:

• waxyaabaha hadhuudh-bur,
• miro iyo qudaar alaabta iyo fangaska;
• sonkorta, malab, istaarijka iyo xasho products;
• dufanka la cuni karo,
• hilibka,
• wax soo saarka kalluunka,
• waxyaabaha caanaha laga sameeyo;
• ukunta iyo waxyaabaha ukunta,
• waxyaabaha iidaan.

kala soocidda Educational ujeedadoodu tahay si ay u sahamiyaan ee kala duwan ee badeecadaha, iyo feature ugu muhiimsan waa ballan ee alaabta cuntada ah.

Qoondaynta Trade cuntooyinka kooxaha

Ganacsiga cunto Qoondaynta kooxo caawiya si hufan meel alaabta on khaanadaha iyo abaabulo ay kaydinta hufan. Sida laga soo xigtay this soocidda, kooxaha soo socda ee alaabta:

• alaabta la xasho;
• miraha iyo khudaarta;
• caanaha iyo saliidda wax soo saarka;
• macmacaanka,
• hilibka iyo hilibka,
• kalluunka iyo kalluunka,
• wax soo saarka ukunta,
• dufanka la cuni karo,
• cabitaannada fudud,
• Khamrigu iyo sharaabka,
• tubaako.

Dukaanlayda iyo Gormeega

In ganacsiga, kala soocidda cuntooyinka bixisaa midoobidda shuruud ah oo dhan wax soo saarka cuntada ee raashinka iyo Gormeega.

category The loola jeedaa bur raashinka, baastada, badarka, sonkor, milix, istaarijka, khamiir, shaaha, kafeega, oo dhir udgoon iyo saliidda dhirta.

Kooxda saarka Gastronomic ka kooban waxyaabaha u diyaarsan in la cuno, kuwaas oo, sausages, hilib iyo kalluun qasacadaysan iyo hilibka, jiis, subag iyo alaabooyinka kale ee caanaha laga sameeyo, cabitaanka khamriga iyo jilicsan, xawaash qaar ka mid ah.

kala duwan ee wax soo saarka cuntada

cuntooyinka sameysmi karaa set oo ah wax soo saarka ama alaabta kala duwan. Kala saaro assortments ganacsiga iyo warshadaha.

In Kumaan kiiska ugu horeysay go'doonsan ee shirkada (waydaarsanayeen alaabta, taas oo waxaa lagu gadaa dukaanka) oo kala duwan oo ka mid ah kooxaha badeecadaha (caanaha, hilibka, macmacaanka iyo kuwa kale. Alaabta).

kala duwan oo soo saarka warshadaha waxaa ka mid ah waxyaabaha kuwaas oo soo saaray ee warshadda (noocyo kala duwan oo ka mid ah shirkadaha) ama in waaxda warshadaha (kala duwan oo ka mid ah warshadaha).

Qoondaynta oo ah waxyaabaha caanaha

Waqtiyadii hore, marka Halabuurka kiimikada ee caanaha ee aan wali la ogayn, wax soo saarka this waxaa badanaa loo yaqaan "dhiigga cad" ama "juice nolosha". Oo layaabna ma leh. Ka dib oo dhan, caano waxaa loo arkaa inay sahayda wax soo saarka ugu dhameystiran, ay sabab u content ee 20 acids amino, in ka badan 147 acids dufanka leh iyo lactose (sonkorta caanaha), taas oo lagu kaydiyana waxaa fiitamiin, raad raaco canaasirta, ensaymes iyo nafaqooyin kale.

Qoondaynta laftiisa yaridda sida caanaha laftiisa, iyo waxyaabaha ay tahay in ay yihiin soo baxay waxaa ka mid ah. Koox gaar ah oo ka mid ah waxyaabaha caanaha, kuwaas oo natiijada melkesyrebakterier ama isku dhafan (melkesyrebakterier + khamriga) halsano caano.

Qoondaynta oo caano iyo waxyaabaha caanaha

wax soo saarka caanaha	qeexid
caanaha,
karkarsan	Result oo caano ah kululaynta si heer kulka ah ee 74-76 0 C inta lagu jiro 15-30 daqiiqo in qalab gaar ah
jeermis	Result oo caano ah kululaynta si heerkul ka sarreeya 100 0 C cadaadis sare for 2-10 ilbiriqsi
dhalaalay	Mudadda Result caanaha la karkariyey heerkulka a of 85-99 0 C ugu yaraan 3 saacadood in weel xidhay
waxaysidoo	Uumi oo caano dhan dheeriga ah ee sonkor ah crystal (12%) ama aan lahayn
qalalan	Natiijooyinka Caadiga qalajinta caanaha la karkariyey budo ka fiican
cream	Natiijada kala jajabka baruurta oo caano ah oo dhan
subagga	separation wax soo saarka ama cream lagu garaaco meel ka caanaha lo'da
cheese	Shayga of falgalka xinjirowga caano iyo bakteeriyada acid jėrto ama barafka caanaha cusbada kala duwan melter-
waxyaabaha caanaha:	fulan Product caanaha la karkariyey bilaabo jeermisyada
clabber	waxyaabaha caanaha si cajiib leh, caano karkarsan laga miiro la hordhaca ah ee jinsiyadaha saafi acidophilus streptococcus jėrto iyo bulgaricus lactobacillus ee Joogaba kala duwan
kefir	wax soo saarka ayaa waxaa lagu daray halsano isticmaalaya fangaska kefir. Waxay saamayn a fahmayaan cuntada iyo daweynta sabab u raasamaal ee walxaha antibiotic
labeen dhanaan	Product ku fulan ferment cream karkarsan dhaqamada saafi ah oo streptococci jėrto
jiis	xumaynaya Product oo caano ah iyo ka saarida ku xiga ee myse
cabitaanka acidophilus	Product ku fulan caanaha la karkariyey la ferment of acidophilus lactobacillus

Qoondaynta oo ah hilibka

hilibka, sida caanaha, waxaa loo kala saaraa waxyaabaha isticmaalka mass. hilibka ee u tiro badan waxa ku jira oo dhan acids amino lagama maarmaan ah in cabirku yahay in sida ugu fiican oo la kulmay baahida jidhka bini'aadamka. Waa isha ugu weyn ee B12 aadanaha vitamin, fosfooraska, iyo bir, phospholipids iyo nafaqooyin kale.

Qoondaynta oo ah hilibka

wax soo saarka hilibka	qeexid
Hilibka la gowraco xoolaha beeraha	Hilibka lo'da, doofaarka, hilibka faraska, iyo kuwa kale.
xoolaha by-products	maamulka sare ee lagu dilay xoolaha (wadnaha, kelyaha, beerka, carrabka, madaxa, iwm)
digaagga	Hilibka digaagga, turkiga, shimbir badeedda, berriga, iwm
diyaarinta hilibka	Steak, steak, ama fuud, digaag, hilib lo'aad steak, meatball, hilibka duqadda, iwm, u baahan daaweyn kulaylka xiga
Hilibka waxyaabaha Kuliyadda	Ready in la cuno hilibka, kaas oo ay leeyihiin hababka kala duwan ee daaweynta kulaylka
Xayiray suxuunta hilibka diyaar-dhigay	hilibka ka hilib dabiici ah ama la jarjarey la dhigtay saxan dhinac ah ama aan lahayn, dhaxan ee la soo dhaafay
hilib sigaar cabbin	Cusbayn iyo kulayl lagu daaweeyaa waxyaabaha kuusan diyaar u ah inay cunaan hilibka (ham, hilib doofaar, hilib doofaar, iwm)
hilibka	Products of hilibka bolse in qolof ah ama aan lahayn (sausages, frankfurters, sausages, kibsood soo degayaa, Brawn, hilib, iwm) oo waxaa lagu sakhiray in ay daaweynta ama halsano oo diyaar u ah inay cunaan kululeeyo
hilibka geed-	The shaabadeeyey iyo jeermis dilay hilibka isku dhafan oo cunto kale (khudaarta, badarka) ama aan lahayn

Qoondaynta oo ah alaabta ee cuntada ilmaha

ilmaha cunto - cuntada ayaa la abuuray ka alaabta ceeriin tayo sare leh, waayo, cuntada sida gaar ah loogu talagalay carruurta ka maalmood ee ugu horreeya nolosha 14 sano. Cuntada loogu talagalay carruurta waa in ay buuxiyaan oo dhan baahida nafsaaniga ah ee u shaqeeyo sii kordhaysa, gaar ahaan, in ay content a full of borotiinada, carbohydrates iyo dufanka, vitamins, macadan iyo nafaqooyin kale.

kala soocidda A buuxda oo cuntada ilmaha waa mid aad u ballaaran. Calaamadda ugu badan ee kala soocidda - waa da'da carruurta waayo, kii wax soo saarka cuntada. In xiriir this kala saaro cuntada:

• dhallaanka (0 ilaa 3 sano);
• waayo, barbaarinta (3 ilaa 6 sano);
• waayo, da'da dugsiga carruurta (6 ilaa 14 sano).

On content ee alaabta biyaha carruurta u qaybsan yihiin laba kooxood:

• waxyaabaha la content biyo yar (4-15%). Kuwaas waxaa ka mid cereals, baasto, bur, caano boodhaha,
• waxyaabaha la content sare oo biyo ah (60-90%). khudradda iyo midhaha dartaa Tani, cheese, yogurt, kubadaha hilibka.

Sida laga soo xigtay heerka uu sii darane alaabta ilmaha cuntada waxaa loogu tala galay:

• carruurta bilood ee hore ee nolosha (isticmaalka homogenization nafaqooyin at qiimaha a of 150-200 microns);
• loogu talagalay carruurta laga bilaabo 6 ilaa 9 bilood (tirtirto la size walxaha ka mid ah ilaa 800 microns);
• loogu talagalay carruurta 10 bilood ilaa 1.5 sano (qalqal iyo xabbadood 2000 microns);
• loogu talagalay carruurta da'dooda 1.5 ilaa 3 sano (a la carte).

cuntada ilmaha qasacadeysan waa:

• dhirta (casiirka, khudaarta shiidan iyo midhaha qasacadaysan);
• ka hilibka cayriin (hilibka lo'da, hilibka digaaga, hilibka doofaarka, beerka, wadnaha, caloosha iyo af).

waxyaabaha caanaha ee carruurta

Meel gaarka ah ee cuntada carruurta qaadataa waxyaabaha caanaha, maxaa yeelay, in lagu beddelay caanaha naaska ilmaha, in uu maqan yahay, waxaana loo isticmaalaa sida soo jiito ah. Iyada oo ku xidhan ujeedada soocidda ee caanaha ee carruurta waa sida soo socota:

• Qalalan caanaha budada ee ku habboon;
• Boorash caano qalalan,
• waxyaabaha caanaha laga sameeyo.

wax soo saarka caanaha Product maanka ilmaha waa:

• qalalan,
• dareere ah,
• bardho.

waxyaabaha kaydinta

cuntooyinka oo dhan u janjeera in ay ka sii darto waqti. Inay sii dheereysato shelf-nolosha iyadoo la kaashanayo daryeel noqon kartaa. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, waa in aad la abuuro shuruudo si looga hortago in koritaanka sheyga iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa of falgalka keeni biyuhy.

On hababka Dhawrista soocidda kaydinta cuntada waa sida soo socota:

• daaweynta kulaylka (pasteurization, jeermiska, baraf, qaboojinta, codsiga ee hadda UHF);
• fuuqbax (sublimation, qolkii vacuum ama qalajiyo qorraxda);
• isbeddel ah ee ka kooban ee dhexdhexaad ah (salting, pickling, ma'aah, ku dar sonkorta);
• isticmaalka kiimikada (antibiotics, antiseptics, iyo antioksidanter);
• shucaaca ionization.

Dhawrista ma aha oo kaliya kordhisaa nolosha shelf ee cuntada, laakiin sidoo kale u fidiya ay kala duwan, hagaajinaysaa dhadhanka iyo calorie content korodhka.